Electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of available studies on health risk assessment

@article{Zulkifli2016ElectronicCA,
  title={Electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of available studies on health risk assessment},
  author={Aziemah Zulkifli and Emilia Zainal Abidin and Najihah Zainol Abidin and Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin and Sarva Mangala Praveena and Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail and Irniza Rasdi and Karmegam Karuppiah and Anita Abd Rahman},
  journal={Reviews on Environmental Health},
  year={2016},
  volume={33},
  pages={43 - 52},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3702954}
}
There is a need to perform more studies on HRA of e-cigarettes by using uniformed and comprehensive steps and similar reference threshold levels of exposures, as there are limited HRA studies and the ones that were available provided inconsistent scientific evidences.

Tables from this paper

Chemical Profiles and Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes: An Umbrella Review and Methodological Considerations

An umbrella review of existing systematic reviews of electronic cigarettes concluded that ECs were likely less harmful than cigarettes, but there was hesitancy to draw clear conclusions due to variable analytical procedures and inconsistent findings among the included studies.

Health Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarette Use among Adults in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Comprehensive HRA using currently available data of local EC usage topography and chemical evaluation of Malaysian-made e-liquids have revealed that the exposure to nicotine, PG and selected TSNAs are expected to be a significant health concern for local EC users.

The safety and efficacy of Electronic cigarettes in smoking cessation

Allowing ECs to compete with traditional cigarettes in the market can reduce the mortality and disease caused by smoking, however, the health effects of ECs are unknown and may encourage young people to dual use of EC and traditional tobacco.

Risk and safety profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): an umbrella review to inform ENDS health communication strategies

High-level evidence that ENDS exposes users to toxic substances; increases the risk of respiratory disease; leads to nicotine dependence; causes serious injuries due to explosion or poisoning; increases smoking cessation in clinical trials but not in observational studies; increases CC initiation; and exposure to ENDS marketing increases its use/intention to use is found.

Research Patterns in the Usage of E-Cigarette and their Health Risks: Bibliometric and Scientometric Review from 2009 – 2023

A study analyzing publications to investigate patterns of research in the domain of e-cigarettes and e-liquids usage and its health risk by utilizing the Scopus database, Biblioshiny, and VOS viewer to identify the trends in this subject, providing insight into the current state of research in this area.

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of organic compounds and heavy metals in electronic cigarettes

It was showed that exposure to four organic compounds and seven heavy metals in e-cigarette aerosols and e-liquids can cause varying levels of health risks in humans through different routes, with the inhalation route posing a higher overall risk than dermal exposure and oral intake.

Improving the Analysis of E-Cigarette Emissions: Detecting Human “Dry Puff” Conditions in a Laboratory as Validated by a Panel of Experienced Vapers

A human volunteer-validated approach to detect excessively high e-cigarette power settings by HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography—diode array detection) carbonyl analysis is presented, which can detect dry puff conditions and is therefore a useful tool to ensure user-relevant conditions in laboratory analyses of e-cigarettes.

A Comparative Study of Non-Volatile Compounds Present in 3R4F Cigarettes and iQOS Heatsticks Utilizing GC-MS

The results from the present investigation indicate that—except for nicotine—smokers are exposed to a largely reduced number and amount of non-volatile, non-nicotine components in the iQOS heatstick aerosol, in comparison to those in the 3R4F cigarette smoke.

Electronic cigarettes in the USA: a summary of available toxicology data and suggestions for the future

The limited toxicology data on e-cigarettes in the public domain is insufficient to allow a thorough toxicological evaluation of this new type of tobacco product, and the acquisition of scientific datasets that are derived from scientifically robust standard testing paradigms, include comprehensive chemical characterisation of the aerosol will improve the scientific community's ability to perform robust toxicological evaluations of e-cigarette.

Are Metals Emitted from Electronic Cigarettes a Reason for Health Concern? A Risk-Assessment Analysis of Currently Available Literature

Overall exposure to metals from EC use is not expected to be of significant health concern for smokers switching to EC use, but is an unnecessary source of exposure for never-smokers.

Calculated Cancer Risks for Conventional and “Potentially Reduced Exposure Product” Cigarettes

The current inability to account for the observed health risks of smoking based on existing data indicates that current expressed/implied marketing promises of reduced harm from PREPs are unverified.

Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation

NMR spectroscopy is a useful and rapid method to simultaneously detect several ingredients in e-cigarette liquids and solvents with more favourable toxicological profiles should be used instead of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol, which may fall into a risk category with MOE <100.

Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review

This systematic review appraises existing laboratory and clinical research on the potential risks from electronic cigarette use, compared with the well-established devastating effects of smoking tobacco cigarettes to indicate that electronic cigarettes are by far a less harmful alternative to smoking.

Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke

The application of toxicological risk assessment methods to cigarette smoke provides a plausible and objective framework for the prioritisation of carcinogens and other toxicant hazards in cigarette smoke, but this framework does not enable the prediction of actual cancer risk for a number of reasons.

Electronic cigarettes: A survey of users

E-cigarettes were used mainly to reduce/quit smoking and avoid ban and the main advantage perceived was their cost, which was the most frequent advantage was their lower cost.