Effects of gait variations on grip force coordination during object transport.

@article{Gysin2008EffectsOG,
  title={Effects of gait variations on grip force coordination during object transport.},
  author={Priska Gysin and Terry R Kaminski and Chris J. Hass and C{\'e}cile Grobet and Andrew M. Gordon},
  journal={Journal of neurophysiology},
  year={2008},
  volume={100 5},
  pages={
          2477-85
        }
}
In object transport during unimpeded locomotion, grip force is precisely timed and scaled to the regularly paced sinusoidal inertial force fluctuations. However, it is unknown whether this coupling is due to moment-to-moment predictions of upcoming inertial forces or a longer, generalized time estimate of regularly paced inertial forces generated during the normal gait cycle. Eight subjects transported a grip instrument during five walking conditions, four of which altered the gait cycle. The… 
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Methods Citations
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Grip force control during gait initiation with a hand-held object
TLDR
It is found that ground reaction and grip force onsets were closely linked in time regardless of the predictability of the start signal, and the results suggest that grasping and whole body movements are governed by a common internal representation.
Aging effects on object transport during gait.
Intermittent coupling between grip force and load force during oscillations of a hand-held object
TLDR
Investigations into the coupling’s dynamics during continuous 30 s bouts of load force oscillation revealed intermittent phases of coordination, as well as phases that varied in stability, rather than a persistent and continuously stable pattern of coordination.
Variable and intermittent grip force control in response to differing load force dynamics
TLDR
It was found that grip force became more tightly and continuously responsive to load force as load force changes became less predictable, and there is strong evidence that the temporal relation between grip force and load force and the strength of their coupling vary substantially over time.
Muscle synergy for upper limb damping behavior during object transport while walking in healthy young individuals
TLDR
The muscle synergy analysis revealed an anticipatory stabilization of the shoulder and elbow joints through a proximal-to-distal muscle activation pattern that appears to play an essential role in maintaining the stability of the carried object in addition to the adjustment of grip force against the perturbations caused by heel contact during walking.
Coordination of fingertip forces in object transport during gait in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy
TLDR
The hypothesis that similar to unilateral anticipatory control impairments during lifts, the anticipatory force coupling in the involved hand while walking with a hand-held object is impaired is tested.
Precision Grip Control while Walking Down a Stair Step
TLDR
The results suggest that the internal model of precision grip is able to integrate a brisk load change, whatever its origin, and regulate the forces to provide an ideal GF to dampen a briskload increase and secure the object.
Effects of object compliance on three-digit grasping.
TLDR
The grip force increased smoothly during the load phase of the task under all conditions and the tangential contact force did not increase monotonically when one or more of the contact surfaces were compliant, resulting in a decoupling of the grip and load forces.
Impaired anticipatory control of grasp during obstacle crossing in Parkinson's disease
Superposition of Automatic and Voluntary Aspects of Grip Force Control in Humans during Object Manipulation
TLDR
Overall these results suggest that, at lower movement frequencies, voluntary and automatic GF control processes operate at different hierarchical levels.
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References

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