ENDOCRINE HISTORY: The history of discovery, synthesis and development of testosterone for clinical use.

@article{Nieschlag2019ENDOCRINEHT,
  title={ENDOCRINE HISTORY: The history of discovery, synthesis and development of testosterone for clinical use.},
  author={Eberhard Nieschlag and Susan Nieschlag},
  journal={European journal of endocrinology},
  year={2019},
  volume={180 6},
  pages={
          R201-R212
        }
}
As the most important male hormone, testosterone has an impact on almost all organs and body functions. The biological effects of testosterone and the testes have been known since antiquity, long before testosterone was identified as the active agent. Practical applications of this knowledge were castration of males to produce obedient servants, for punishment, for preservation of the prepubertal soprano voice and even for treatment of diseases. Testes were used in organotherapy and… 
View on PubMed
eje.bioscientifica.com
27 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
2
Background Citations
5
Methods Citations
2

Tables from this paper

27 Citations

Citation Type

Citation Type

History of testosterone therapy through the ages
TLDR
There are clear and appropriate clinical uses of testosterone set by the American Urological Association to treat clinically significant testosterone deficiency and when used appropriately can significantly improve the quality of life for men with testosterone deficiency.
Oral Testosterone
TLDR
Oral testosterone is an appealing option due to its convenience and ease of administration when compared to alternate formulations and the benefits and risks of oral testosterone to alternate routes of administration are compared.
Androgen Treatment in Adolescent Males With Hypogonadism
TLDR
The usual protocols applied for androgen therapy in boys and adolescents are discussed and Oxandrolone, a non-aromatizable drug with higher anabolic than androgenic effects, has been used in adolescents with preserved testosterone production, with positive effects on cardiometabolic health and visual, motor, and psychosocial functions.
Testosterone Therapy and Male Fertility
  • R. Brannigan
  • Medicine, Biology
    Controversies in Testosterone Deficiency
  • 2021
TLDR
Alternative therapies, including aromatase inhibitors, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), work via different mechanisms but share the common end result of improving endogenous testosterone production and thus supporting spermatogenesis.
Comparative application of testosterone undecanoate and/or testosterone propionate in induction of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats
TLDR
An extended application of testosterone undecanoate for inducing benign prostatic hyperplasia that can improve research reliability considering the half-life of testosterone as well as injection dosage and concentration is suggested.
Late-onset hypogonadism: Clinical evidence, biological aspects and evolutionary considerations
Health , and Society Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Sports ,
  • 2021
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Sports, Health, and Society
TLDR
This consensus statement provides a brief history of AAS use, an update on the science of how the authors now understand AAS to be working metabolically/biochemically, potential side effects, the prevalence of use among athletes, and the use of Aas in clinical scenarios.
Late‐onset hypogonadism: a concept comes of age
TLDR
The newest US Endocrine Society Practice Guideline on T treatment (2018) includes advanced age as a cause of organic hypogonadism and recommends that ‘in men >65 years who have symptoms or conditions suggestive of T deficiency … and consistently and unequivocally low morning T concentrations the authors suggest that clinicians offer T therapy on an individualised basis after explicit discussion of the potential risks and benefits’.
A new oral testosterone undecanoate therapy comes of age for the treatment of hypogonadal men
TLDR
A new oral TU formulation was safe and effective and represents a significant therapeutic advance for the treatment of appropriate hypogonadal men.
...
1
2
3
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 132 REFERENCES
The History of Testosterone and The Testes: From Antiquity to Modern Times
TLDR
Testosterone itself was isolated only in 1935 and, since then, has been available as a powerful medication for the treatment of hypogonadism and only recently has it become possible to produce injectable or transdermal testosterone preparations generating serum levels in the physiological range.
7 alpha-methyl-nortestosterone (MENT): the optimal androgen for male contraception.
TLDR
7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT), a synthetic androgen that is considerably more potent than testosterone, is suitable and has potential uses in patients with a variety of disorders, including hypogonadism, prostatic hyperplasia and muscle wasting.
Potential of testosterone buciclate for male contraception: endocrine differences between responders and nonresponders.
TLDR
The results of the first clinical trial with TB for male contraception indicate a different hormonal equilibrium and probably different susceptibility to feedback regulation of the responders compared to the nonresponders.
Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone undecanoate injected at extended intervals of 12 weeks: a phase II study.
TLDR
Compared with conventional testosterone enanthate or cypionate treatment requiring injection intervals of 2-3 weeks and resulting in supraphysiological serum testosterone levels, injections of TU at intervals of up to 3 months offer an excellent alternative for substitution therapy of male hypogonadism.
Intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of male hypogonadism: phase I studies.
TLDR
The longer half-life and the smaller injection volume make TU in castor oil a strong candidate for further applications in substitution therapy and in trials for male contraception.
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Administered Hormones
TLDR
It has now become clear that the chief problem in substitution therapy with hormone preparations is so to arrange administration as to imitate the steady continuous activity of the normal glands and avoid alternation of deficiency and wasteful excess of the hormone.
Testosterone deficiency and prostate cancer: emerging recognition of an important and troubling relationship.
Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate
TLDR
It is demonstrated that a marked rise in acid phosphatase in serum is associated with the appearance or spread of roentgenologically demonstrable skeletal metastases and implies dissemination of the primary tumor and thus is of unfavorable prognostic significance.
Doping with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): Adverse effects on non-reproductive organs and functions
TLDR
Side effects on non-reproductive organs and functions are summarized and physicians should be aware of the multitude of serious side effects when confronted with unclear symptoms.
Injectable testosterone undecanoate has more favourable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics than testosterone enanthate.
TLDR
Testosterone levels reached the lower limit of normal after 31 days in two groups of five long-term orchidectomized cynomolgus monkeys which received a single intramuscular injection of an injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) preparation or testosterone enanthate (TE) in a preclinical study to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of TU in comparison to TE.
...
1
2
3
4
5
...