Does a species of Rickettsia play a role in the pathophysiology of Buerger's disease?

@article{Fazeli2012DoesAS,
  title={Does a species of Rickettsia play a role in the pathophysiology of Buerger's disease?},
  author={Bahare Fazeli and Hassan Ravari and Mahdi Farzadnia},
  journal={Vascular},
  year={2012},
  volume={20},
  pages={334 - 336}
}
Rickettsia is an intracellular pathogen that attaches to vascular endothelial cell membranes and its genome integrates into the DNA of the host and thereby inhibits apoptosis of the endothelial cells. Rickettsia can infect the body following a flea/louse bite. Rickettsia was suggested as one etiology of Buerger's disease long ago. We report a patient with Buerger's disease for whom a left below-knee amputation was done. Twenty-five biopsies for DNA extraction were obtained from the arteries… 
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In conclusion, the unsolved questions associated with BD might be clarified through studies of the link between BD and Rickettsia, which typically shows a segmental nature and thrombotic events may occur from segmental inflammation.
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The footprint of Rickettsial infection in tissue specimens obtained from amputees with Buerger's disease was evaluated and it was found that smoking could be the route of pathogen entry into the bloodstreams of the sufferers.
Buerger’s Disease May be a Chronic Rickettsial Infection with Superimposed Thrombosis: Literature Review and Efficacy of Doxycycline in Three Patients
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Tick-borne diseases and autoimmunity: A comprehensive review.
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It appears that the inflammation in the SG of TAO patients is more likely a sterile inflammation, and its trigger may be mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
Thromboangiitis obliterans episode: autoimmune flare-up or reinfection?
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The findings indicate that the trigger of TAO might be Gram-negative bacteria, which can be hidden or immunologically suppressed in the quiescent phase ofTAO, leading to a lower level of TLR4 accompanying the normal level of neopterin.
The Status of Nitric Oxide and its Backup, Heme Oxygenase 1, in Thromboangiitis Obliterans.
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Nitric oxide may play a pivotal role in TAO development and its outcome, however, the intact HMOX1 pathway may demonstrate the unique role of NO, which cannot be compensated for by H MOX1 and whose absence may make patients susceptible to developing TAO.

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