Dissociating the long-term effects of fetal/neonatal iron deficiency on three types of learning in the rat.

@article{Schmidt2007DissociatingTL,
  title={Dissociating the long-term effects of fetal/neonatal iron deficiency on three types of learning in the rat.},
  author={Adam T. Schmidt and Kelly J Waldow and William M. Grove and Juan A. Salinas and Michael K. Georgieff},
  journal={Behavioral neuroscience},
  year={2007},
  volume={121 3},
  pages={
          475-82
        }
}
Iron deficiency (ID) is a common nutrient deficiency worldwide. This condition is linked to changes in myelin formation, dopaminergic function, and energy metabolism. Early ID results in persistent long-term cognitive and behavioral disturbances in children, despite a return to normal iron status. The present study assesses formerly ID adult rats on maze learning tasks that depend on specific brain regions related to learning, specifically the hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala. Rat dams were… 
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Delayed alternation performance in rats following recovery from early iron deficiency

Fetal and neonatal iron deficiency causes volume loss and alters the neurochemical profile of the adult rat hippocampus

Perinatal iron deficiency was associated with reduced hippocampal size and altered neurochemistry in adulthood, despite correction of brain iron deficiency, and the neurochemical changes suggest suppressed energy metabolism, neuronal activity, and plasticity in the formerly iron-deficient hippocampus.

Fetal–Neonatal Iron Deficiency Affects Neurotrophic Factor Expression, Neural Differentiation, and Neuroplasticity in the Rat Hippocampus

Fetal–neonatal iron deficiency anemia causes long-lasting deficits in cognitive development and learning ability, and the reduced BDNF activity and its downstream molecular cascade modulating neuronal differentiation and plasticity may underlie the acute effects and the persistent learning deficits of fetal–neuronal iron deficiency.

Hippocampus specific iron deficiency alters competition and cooperation between developing memory systems

Hippocampal ID not only reduces spatial recognition memory performance but also affects systems that support procedural memory, suggesting an altered balance between memory systems.

Prenatal choline supplementation ameliorates the long-term neurobehavioral effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency in rats.

Deficits in recognition memory, but not social behavior, resulting from gestational iron deficiency are attenuated by prenatal choline supplementation, potentially through preservation of hippocampal Bdnf and Mbp expression.

Beneficial effects of postnatal choline supplementation on long-Term neurocognitive deficit resulting from fetal-Neonatal iron deficiency

The Effects of Early-Life Iron Deficiency on Brain Energy Metabolism

It is concluded that early-life ID impairs energy metabolism in a brain region- and age-dependent manner, with particularly strong evidence for hippocampal neurons, and permanent metabolic reprogramming leads to chronically impaired neuronal energetics and mitochondrial capacity in adulthood.

The role of iron in learning and memory.

Nonanemic genetic mouse models generated by conditionally altering expression of iron transport proteins specifically in hippocampal neurons in late gestation have led to a greater understanding of iron's role in learning and memory.

Multigenerational effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency on hippocampal BDNF signaling

It is demonstrated that adverse effects of early iron deficiency on hippocampal gene expression observed in the F1 are not present in theF2 generation, suggesting differential effects of nutritionally induced epigenetic programing during the critical periods of hippocampal and gonadal development.

Early-Life Iron Deficiency Anemia Alters the Development and Long-Term Expression of Parvalbumin and Perineuronal Nets in the Rat Hippocampus

The lower levels of these acknowledged critical period biomarkers in the ID group are consistent with studies that demonstrate later maturation of the acutely ID hippocampus and lower plasticity in the adult formerly ID hippocampus.
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