Dirigent proteins: molecular characteristics and potential biotechnological applications

@article{Pickel2013DirigentPM,
  title={Dirigent proteins: molecular characteristics and potential biotechnological applications},
  author={Benjamin Pickel and Andreas Schaller},
  journal={Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology},
  year={2013},
  volume={97},
  pages={8427-8438}
}
Dirigent proteins (DIRs) are thought to play important roles in plant secondary metabolism. They lack catalytic activity but direct the outcome of bimolecular coupling reactions toward regio- and stereospecific product formation. Functionally described DIRs confer specificity to the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol resulting in the preferred production of either (+)- or (−)-pinoresinol, which are the first intermediates in the enantiocomplementary pathways for lignan biosynthesis. DIRs… 
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Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular phenol coupling enzymes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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The discoveries reviewed in this article reveal a remarkable diversity of enzymes that catalyze oxidative intermolecular phenol coupling, including various classes of laccases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and heme peroxidases.
Dirigent Protein Mode of Action Revealed by the Crystal Structure of AtDIR61[OPEN]
TLDR
Crystal structure analysis reveals the mode of substrate radical binding and indicates a previously unrecognized catalytic function for dirigent proteins during enantioselective pinoresinol formation and extensive mutational analysis supports a previously unknown function for DIRs in catalyzing the cyclization of the bis-quinone methide reaction intermediate to yield (+)- or (−)-pinoresinols.
Expression in Pichia pastoris and characterization of two novel dirigent proteins for atropselective formation of gossypol
We established an efficient fed-batch fermentation process for two novel dirigent proteins from cotton plants, GbDIR2 from Gossypium barbadense and GhDIR3 from G. hirsutum, using the engineered…
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All the aspects regarding phytostilbenes will be covered including their chemistry and biochemistry, regulation of their biosynthesis, biological activities in plants, molecular engineering of stilbene pathways in plants and microbes as well as their biotechnological production by plant cell systems.
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This review focuses on the enzymes involved in the dimerization in the biosynthetic pathway of microbial natural products, with an emphasis on cytochrome P450s, laccases, and intermolecular [4 + 2] cyclases, along with other atypical enzymes.
Fungal Dirigent Protein Controls the Stereoselectivity of Multicopper Oxidase-Catalyzed Phenol Coupling in Viriditoxin Biosynthesis.
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A unique Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) VdtE that could transform the alkyl methylketone side chain to methyl ester against the migratory aptitude is uncovered.
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For more than 70 years the plant-derived cytotoxic podophyllotoxin is still a focal point for many research groups. The relationship between the structure of podophyllotoxin and podophyllotoxin…
Dirigent Proteins from Cotton (Gossypium sp.) for the Atropselective Synthesis of Gossypol.
TLDR
The identification of GhDIR4 highlights a broader role for DIRs in plant secondary metabolism and may eventually lead to the development of DIR's as tools for the synthesis of axially chiral binaphthyls.
The Missing Link in Leguminous Pterocarpan Biosynthesis is a Dirigent Domain-Containing Protein with Isoflavanol Dehydratase Activity
TLDR
In suspension-cultured soybean cells, levels of the GmPTS1 transcript increased temporarily prior to the peak in phytoalexin accumulation, strongly supporting the possible involvement of PTS in pterocarpan biosynthesis.
Lignanamides: sources, biosynthesis and potential health benefits – a minireview
TLDR
The general biosynthesis pathway for lignanamides is comprehensively summarized, though some details in molecular regulation of the coupling process have yet to be elucidated.
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References

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TLDR
It is demonstrated that the glycan structures of AtDIR6 are essential for structure, solubility, and function of the protein as deglycosylation induced conformational changes leading to the complete loss in dirigent activity and subsequent protein aggregation.
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TLDR
The first understanding of regiochemical and stereochemical control of monolignol coupling in lignan biosynthesis has been established via the participation of a new class of dirigent proteins.
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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