Differential cytokine gene expression in the diaphragm in response to strenuous resistive breathing.

@article{Vassilakopoulos2004DifferentialCG,
  title={Differential cytokine gene expression in the diaphragm in response to strenuous resistive breathing.},
  author={Theodoros P. Vassilakopoulos and Maziar Divangahi and George Rallis and Osama A Kishta and Basil J Petrof and Alain Steve Comtois and Sabah N A Hussain},
  journal={American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine},
  year={2004},
  volume={170 2},
  pages={
          154-61
        }
}
Strenuous resistive breathing induces plasma cytokines that do not originate from circulating monocytes. We hypothesized that cytokine production is induced inside the diaphragm in response to resistive loading. Anesthetized, tracheostomized, spontaneously breathing Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 1, 3, or 6 hours of inspiratory resistive loading, corresponding to 45-50% of the maximum inspiratory pressure. Unloaded sham-operated rats breathing spontaneously served as control animals. The… 
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TLDR
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TLDR
Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress augmentation, reduced NO production, and glycogen depletion are potential stimuli for the cytokine induction that is secondary to strenuous diaphragmatic contractions, and cytokine upregulation within the workingdiaphragm may be adaptive and maladaptive.
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