Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Markers of Inflammation in Schizophrenia.

@article{Upthegrove2019CytokinesOS,
  title={Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Markers of Inflammation in Schizophrenia.},
  author={Rachel Upthegrove and Golam M. Khandaker},
  journal={Current topics in behavioral neurosciences},
  year={2019}
}
In this article, we review current evidence linking immune dysfunction in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders focusing particularly on circulating cytokines, oxidative stress and cellular markers of inflammation in various stages on illness from drug-naïve first episode psychosis to chronic schizophrenia. Acute psychotic episode is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation in some patients, as reflected by increased concentrations of cytokines and other inflammatory markers in… 
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65 Citations

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TLDR
The findings suggest that the interrelationships between oxidative stress markers and cytokines occur in schizophrenia patients, which may be the basis of their pathological mechanisms underlying clinical symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.
Increased Markers of Oxidative Stress and Positive Correlation Low-Grade Inflammation with Positive Symptoms in the First Episode of Schizophrenia in Drug-Naïve Patients
TLDR
The elevated level of superoxide dismutase in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia can be explained by compensatory mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress.
Sex difference in the interrelationship between TNF-α and oxidative stress status in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia
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The results demonstrate the sex difference in the relationship between TNF-α, MDA, and their interaction with psychopathological symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.
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TLDR
There is a substantial need for studies investigating the levels of cytokines before disease development and delineating the therapeutic implications of the disrupted cytokine levels in schizophrenia, and the available evidence shows a potential causative role for cytokines in schizophrenia development.
The Role of Peripheral Inflammation in Clinical Outcome and Brain Imaging Abnormalities in Psychosis: A Systematic Review
TLDR
Systematic searches of the literature using the databases PsychInfo, OVID Medline, and Embase were conducted to collate studies investigating the association of inflammatory biomarkers with clinical outcome in patients with psychotic disorders and studies examining the relationships betweeninflammatory biomarkers and neuroimaging data.
Oxidative Stress in the Early Stage of Psychosis.
TLDR
A significantly reduced antioxidant defense has been described in the early onset first episode of psychosis, including reduced levels of glutathione, and the importance that must be given to anti-oxidant defense systems is indicated.
Maternal Immune Activation Causes Schizophrenia-like Behaviors in the Offspring through Activation of Immune-Inflammatory, Oxidative and Apoptotic Pathways, and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses and Neuroprotection
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The results suggest long-standing effects of prenatal infections on schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits are mediated by immune-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, increased oxidative stress toxicity, and lowered antioxidant and neuroprotective defenses.
Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and New Treatment Perspectives
TLDR
It is suggested that not only antioxidants but also redox-regulated transcription factor-targeting drugs (including Nrf2 and FoxO activators or NF-κB inhibitors) have great promise in schizophrenia, but it is necessary to develop the stratification criteria of schizophrenia patients based on oxidative stress-related markers for the administration of red ox-correcting treatment.
Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Damage in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
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By improving the understanding of the effects of various nutrients on schizophrenia, it may become possible to develop nutritional strategies and supplements to treat the disorder, alleviate its symptoms, and facilitate long-term recovery.
Comparison of inflammation markers and severity of illness among patients with COVID-19, acute psychiatric disorders and comorbidity
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