# Cosmography: Cosmology without the Einstein equations

@article{Visser2005CosmographyCW,
title={Cosmography: Cosmology without the Einstein equations},
author={Matt Visser},
journal={General Relativity and Gravitation},
year={2005},
volume={37},
pages={1541-1548}
}
• M. Visser
• Published 27 November 2004
• Physics
• General Relativity and Gravitation
How much of modern cosmology is really cosmography? How much of modern cosmology is independent of the Einstein equations? (Independent of the Friedmann equations?) These questions are becoming increasingly germane—as the models cosmologists use for the stress-energy content of the universe become increasingly baroque, it behaves us to step back a little and carefully disentangle cosmological kinematics from cosmological dynamics. The use of basic symmetry principles (such as the cosmological…
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