Coronavirus IBV: removal of spike glycopolypeptide S1 by urea abolishes infectivity and haemagglutination but not attachment to cells.

@article{Cavanagh1986CoronavirusIR,
  title={Coronavirus IBV: removal of spike glycopolypeptide S1 by urea abolishes infectivity and haemagglutination but not attachment to cells.},
  author={David Cavanagh and Philip James Davis},
  journal={The Journal of general virology},
  year={1986},
  volume={67 ( Pt 7)},
  pages={
          1443-8
        }
}
Urea has been used to remove the S1 spike glycopolypeptide from avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains M41 and Beaudette, without removing the S2 spike-anchoring glycopolypeptide. Reduction of the pH to 2.9 did not cause release of S1 although some S1 was released spontaneously from IBV Beaudette at pH 7.4. Virus that lacked S1 was no longer infectious or able to cause haemagglutination (HA). However, radiolabelled IBV that lacked S1 attached to erythrocytes and chick kidney cells to… 
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Properties of coronavirus IBV after removal of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein.
TLDR
This work has shown that the mature S is derived by cleavage of a precursor glycoprotein to yield two glycopolypeptides, S1 and S2 of approximately 514 and 625 amino acid residues respectively and that S1 was probably not in the membrane but formed most of the distal, bulbous part of S3.
Neuraminidase treatment of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus reveals a hemagglutinating activity that is dependent on sialic acid-containing receptors on erythrocytes
Binding of Avian Coronavirus Spike Proteins to Host Factors Reflects Virus Tropism and Pathogenicity
TLDR
The data demonstrate that the attachment patterns of the IBV S proteins correlate with the tropisms and pathogenicities of the corresponding viruses.
Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Beaudette with the Spike Protein Gene of the Pathogenic M41 Strain Remains Attenuated but Induces Protective Immunity
TLDR
There were no consistent differences in pathogenicity between the recombinant BeauR-M41(S) and its apathogenic parent Beau-R and the results are promising for the prospects of S-gene exchange for IBV vaccine development.
Heparan Sulfate Is a Selective Attachment Factor for the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Beaudette
TLDR
Results indicate that HS plays a role as an attachment factor for IBV, working in concert with other factors like sialic acid to mediate virus binding to cells, and may explain in part the extended tropism of IBV Beaudette.
Development and characterization of a recombinant infectious bronchitis virus expressing the ectodomain region of S1 gene of H120 strain
TLDR
Results indicate that rBeau-H120 (S1e) has the potential to be an alternative vaccine against IBV based on excellent propagation property and immunogenicity and replacement of the ectodomain fragment of the IBV Beaudette S1 gene with that from a present field strain is promising for IBV vaccine development.
Effects of hypervariable regions in spike protein on pathogenicity, tropism, and serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus
The Coronavirus Hemagglutinin Esterase Glycoprotein
TLDR
Hemagglutination activity by IBV, as well as by the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was probably a cryptic property of the spike protein (Cavanagh and Davis, 1986), and the nature of this hemagglUTinating activity is not well understood.
Neutralization and fusion inhibition activities of monoclonal antibodies specific for the S1 subunit of the spike protein of neurovirulent murine coronavirus JHMV c1-2 variant.
TLDR
Results suggest that MAbs in group B recognized highly conformational epitopes which may be involved in the binding of virions to cellular receptors and the fusion activity of the virus.
Bioinformatics and evolutionary insight on the spike glycoprotein gene of QX-like and Massachusetts strains of infectious bronchitis virus
TLDR
The study demonstrated that spike glycoprotein of the Massachusetts and the QX-like variants of IBV are molecularly distinct and that this may reflect in differences in the behavior of these viruses in vivo.
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TLDR
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