Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: historical origins and current perspective.

@article{Montenigro2015ChronicTE,
  title={Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: historical origins and current perspective.},
  author={Philip H. Montenigro and Daniel T Corp and Thor D. Stein and Robert C. Cantu and Robert A. Stern},
  journal={Annual review of clinical psychology},
  year={2015},
  volume={11},
  pages={
          309-30
        }
}
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease that is most often identified in postmortem autopsies of individuals exposed to repetitive head impacts, such as boxers and football players. The neuropathology of CTE is characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in a pattern that is unique from that of other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The clinical features of CTE are often progressive, leading to dramatic changes in… 
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Neuropathological Comorbidities.
TLDR
The major comorbid pathologies seen with CTE and in former contact sports athletes are reviewed and what is known about the associations between RHI, age, and the development of neuropathologies is discussed.
Clinical diagnosis and risk factors for chronic traumatic encephalopathy
TLDR
Case reports of CTE pathology exhibit a common exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI), suggesting that RHI are a necessary factor in the disease’s etiology.
The long-term consequences of repetitive head impacts: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
The Current Status of Research on Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.
Clinical Features of Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
TLDR
The goal of this article is to characterize the clinical concepts associated with short‐ and long‐term effects of repetitive traumatic brain injury, with a special emphasis on new clinical diagnostic criteria for CTE.
Repetitive Head Trauma Induces Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy by Multiple Mechanisms.
TLDR
This review will review what is known about the biomechanical properties of RHI that initiate CTE-related pathologies and provide an overview of key features of CTE neuropathology and how these contribute to abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation, accumulation, and spread.
Repetitive head trauma, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and tau: Challenges in translating from mice to men
Beta-amyloid deposition in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
TLDR
The findings suggest that A β deposition is altered and accelerated in a cohort of CTE subjects compared to normal aging and that Aβ is associated with both pathological and clinical progression of Cte independent of age.
Concussion in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
TLDR
The number of years of exposure, not the number of concussions, was significantly associated with worse tau pathology in CTE, suggesting that it is the chronic and repetitive nature of head trauma, irrespective of concussive symptoms, that is the most important driver of disease.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Update on Current Clinical Diagnosis and Management
TLDR
This clinical update reviews clinical and pathologic diagnostic criteria and recommended symptomatic treatments for chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and highlights the recent advances in diagnosis using diffusor tensor imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography.
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References

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TLDR
The existing literature on CTE was reviewed and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that may provide unique insights to clinicians with an in-depth understanding of the disease to aid in the diagnosis and prevention were proposed.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?
TLDR
The CTE literature to date is reviewed, suggesting seven essential areas for future CTE research, and draws on the literature from mild traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative dementias, particularly when these studies provide guidance for futureCTE research.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma
TLDR
Current research efforts are focused on the creation of clinical diagnostic criteria, finding objective biomarkers for CTE, and understanding the additional risk factors and underlying mechanism that causes the disease.
Clinical subtypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: literature review and proposed research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome
TLDR
Proposed research criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) which consist of four variants or subtypes ( TES behavioral/mood variant, TES cognitive variant,TES mixed variant, and TES dementia) as well as classifications of ‘probable CTE’ and ‘possible Cte’ are presented.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy After Repetitive Head Injury
TLDR
This work reviews 48 cases of neuropathologically verified CTE recorded in the literature and document the detailed findings of CTE in 3 professionalathletes, 1 football player and 2 boxers.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel
TLDR
As Cte is characterized pathologically by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy, by abnormal deposits of phosphorylated tau and by 43 kDa TAR DNA binding protein and is associated clinically with behavioral and personality changes, as well as cognitive impairments, CTE is increasingly categorized as an acquired frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
Long‐term Consequences of Repetitive Brain Trauma: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Mild traumatic brain injury: a risk factor for neurodegeneration
Recently, it has become clear that head trauma can lead to a progressive neurodegeneration known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Although the medical literature also implicates head trauma as a…
Clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy
TLDR
There are 2 major clinical presentations of CTE, one a behavior/mood variant and the other a cognitive variant, according to the Boston University Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy brain bank.
Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing.
TLDR
The mainstay of treatment of CTBI is prevention, however medications used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and/or parkinsonism may be utilized.
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