Choline, an essential nutrient for humans

@article{Zeisel1991CholineAE,
  title={Choline, an essential nutrient for humans},
  author={Steven H. Zeisel and Kerry‐Ann da Costa and Peter D. Franklin and Edward A. Alexander and J. Thomas Lamont and Nancy F. Sheard and Alexa Beiser},
  journal={The FASEB Journal},
  year={1991},
  volume={5},
  pages={2093 - 2098},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12393618}
}
Healthy humans consuming a choline‐deficient diet for 3 wk had depleted stores of choline in tissues and developed signs of incipient liver dysfunction and choline is an essential nutrient for humans when excess methionine and folate are not available in the diet.
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593 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
13
Background Citations
196
Methods Citations
6
Results Citations
5

593 Citations

Choline, homocysteine, and pregnancy.

Another sign of organ dysfunction that develops in humans who are fed a low-choline diet is an exaggerated increase in plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) afteramethionineload, which is an unexpected and important observation.

Choline: Needed for Normal Development of Memory

Pregnancy is a period when special attention has to be paid to dietary intake of choline, as it is believed that if folate isn’t available in the first few weeks of pregnancy, the brain does not form normally.

Genetic variation of folate-mediated one-carbon transfer pathway predicts susceptibility to choline deficiency in humans.

A strong association in premenopausal women of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-1958A gene allele polymorphism with 15 times increased susceptibility to developing organ dysfunction on a low-choline diet is found.

Ad libitum choline intake in healthy individuals meets or exceeds the proposed adequate intake level.

Choline is an essential nutrient for humans that is used to synthesize membrane phospholipids and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Betaine, a metabolite of choline, functions as a methyl-group…

Choline deficiency impairs intestinal lipid metabolism in the lactating rat.

Comparative mammalian choline metabolism with emphasis on the high-yielding dairy cow

In dairy ruminants, the dietary availability of choline is still low, but the output of methylated compounds in milk is high, and precursors from the tetrahydrofolate pathway are limiting, therefore choline may be a limiting nutrient for milk production in high-yielding dairy cows.

Choline

This narrative review summarizes the peer-reviewed literature and discussions from the 2018 Choline Science Summit, held in Washington, DC, in February 2018, and indicates that large portions of the population, including most pregnant and lactating women, are well below the Adequate Intake for choline.

Choline cannot be replaced by propanolamine in mice.

Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle

This review summarizes the current knowledge on dietary recommendations and assessment methods, and dietary choline intake from food sources across the life cycle.

Brain development and choline, the other methyl donor.

The human diet must contain choline because the only endogenous pathway for synthesis of this nutrient [via the sequential methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine] cannot meet the entire requirement for choline.
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56 References

Plasma choline concentration in humans fed parenterally.

It is concluded that malnourished humans who eat no choline have diminished stores of plasma (and possibly tissue) choline.

The effects of choline deficiency and choline re-feeding upon the metabolism of plasma and liver lipids.

The findings confirm that the fatty liver of choline deficiency is the result of an impairment in the transport of triglyceride from the liver, and support the hypothesis that it occurs because of a restriction in the synthesis of phosphatidyl choline which is required for lipoprotein formatio...

Effects of a methyl-deficient diet on rat liver phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.

Measurement of the in vivo methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by incorporation of [1,2-14C]ethanolamine into phosph atidylcholine indicates that the methylation pathway is markedly depressed in methyl deficiency, and control of transmethylation in accordance with the availability of substrates, phosphatideanolamine, or S-adenosylmethionine, and the level of S- adenosylhomocysteine is discussed.

Effect of choline deficiency on the enzymes that synthesize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in rat liver.

The results suggest a lack of adaptive change in the levels of these phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes as a result of choline deficiency.

The active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is required for very low density lipoprotein secretion from rat hepatocytes.

The effects of ethanol ingestion and choline deficiency on hepatic lecithin biosynthesis in the rat.

Neurochemical effects of choline supplementation.

Although choline supplementation does not alter the levels of ACh in brain under normal conditions, it does appear to support ACh synthesis during drug-induced increases in neuronal activity, an effect most likely mediated by alterations in the metabolism of choline-containing phospholipids.

Regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of different substrates.

Role of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by hepatocytes isolated from choline‐deficient rats

The effect of choline supplementation on hepatic steatosis in the parenterally fed rat.

The hepatic steatosis produced in the parenterally fed rat did not appear to be due to choline deficiency but to some other factors which may be important in man.
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