Charge quantization from a number operator

@article{Furey2014ChargeQF,
title={Charge quantization from a number operator},
author={C. Furey},
journal={Physics Letters B},
year={2014},
volume={742},
pages={195-199}
}
• C. Furey
• Published 6 March 2015
• Physics
• Physics Letters B
Abstract We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally plays the role of a vacuum state. Using the ladder operators which exist within the system, we build a number operator in the usual way. It turns out that this number operator, divided by 3, mirrors the behaviour of electric charge. As a result, we… Expand

Figures from this paper

A demonstration that electroweak theory can violate parity automatically (leptonic case)
We bring to light an electroweak model which has been reappearing in the literature under various guises.1−5 In this model, weak isospin is shown to act automatically on states of only a singleExpand
Three generations, two unbroken gauge symmetries, and one eight-dimensional algebra
• C. Furey
• Physics, Mathematics
• Physics Letters B
• 2018
Abstract A considerable amount of the standard model's three-generation structure can be realised from just the 8 C -dimensional algebra of the complex octonions. Indeed, it is a little-known factExpand
Constraining the Standard Model in Motivic Quantum Gravity
• M. Sheppeard
• Physics
• Journal of Physics: Conference Series
• 2019
A physical approach to a category of motives must account for the emergent nature of spacetime, where real and complex numbers play a secondary role to discrete operations in quantum computation. InExpand
An Exceptional Dark Matter from Cayley–Dickson Algebras
In this article I propose a new criterion to individuate the origin and the properties of the dark matter particle sector. The emerging candidates come from a straightforward algebraic conjecture:Expand
The Standard Model Algebra - Leptons, Quarks, and Gauge from the Complex Clifford Algebra Cl6
A simple geometric algebra is shown to contain automatically the leptons and quarks of a family of the Standard Model, and the electroweak and color gauge symmetries, without predicting extraExpand
Using Raising and Lowering Operators from Geometric Algebra for Electroweak Theory in Particle Physics
• G. McClellan
• Mathematics
• Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras
• 2019
This paper has two objectives. The first is to explore the form and action of raising and lowering operators expressed in geometric algebra (GA). The second is to show how increasing the number ofExpand
Leptons, Quarks, and Gauge from the Complex Clifford Algebra $$\mathbb {C}\ell _6$$Cℓ6
A simple geometric algebra is shown to contain automatically the leptons and quarks of a family of the Standard Model, and the electroweak and color gauge symmetries, without predicting extraExpand
Thinking Non Locally: The Atemporal Roots of Particle Physics
Developing an approach defined in previous papers a correspondence between elementary particles and elements of a particular set of directed graphs said "glyphs" is made explicit. These can, in turn,Expand
An exceptional G(2) extension of the Standard Model from the correspondence with Cayley–Dickson algebras automorphism groups
• N. Masi
• Physics, Medicine
• Scientific reports
• 2021
In this article I propose a new criterion to extend the Standard Model of particle physics from a straightforward algebraic conjecture: the symmetries of physical microscopic forces originate fromExpand
A natural extension of the conformal Lorentz group in a field theory context
In this paper a finite dimensional unital associative algebra is presented, and its group of algebra automorphisms is detailed. The studied algebra can physically be understood as the creationExpand

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 26 REFERENCES
Octonions, E6, and particle physics
• Mathematics, Physics
• 2010
In 1934, Jordan et al. gave a necessary algebraic condition, the Jordan identity, for a sensible theory of quantum mechanics. All but one of the algebras that satisfy this condition can be describedExpand
Octonionic Hilbert spaces, the Poincaré group and SU(3)
A formalism based on real octonions is developed in order to construct an octonionic Hilbert space for the description of colored quark states. The various possible forms of scalar products andExpand
Unified Theory of Ideals
Unified field theories act to merge the internal symmetries of the standard model into a single group. Here we lay out something different. That is, instead of aiming to unify the internalExpand
Generations: three prints, in colour
A bstractWe point out a somewhat mysterious appearance of SUc(3) representations, which exhibit the behaviour of three full generations of standard model particles. These representations are found inExpand
The Harari–Shupe preon model and nonrelativistic quantum phase space
Abstract We propose that the whole algebraic structure of the Harari–Shupe rishon model originates via a Dirac-like linearization of quadratic form x 2 + p 2 , with position and momentum satisfyingExpand
Unified Theories for Quarks and Leptons Based on Clifford Algebras
• Physics
• 1980
Abstract The general standpoint is presented that unified theories arise from gauging of Clifford algebras describing the internal degrees of freedom (charge, color, generation, spin) of theExpand
Division Algebras and Supersymmetry IV
Recent work applying higher gauge theory to the superstring has indicated the presence of 'higher symmetry', and the same methods work for the super-2-brane. In the previous paper in this series, weExpand
Quark structure and octonions
• Mathematics
• 1973
The octonion (Cayley) algebra is studied in a split basis by means of a formalism that brings outs its quarkstructure. The groups SO(8), SO(7), and G 2 are represented by octonions as well as by 8 ×Expand
Unified description of quarks and leptons
• Physics
• 1979
Abstract We exploit the peculiar relation between color and flavor degrees of freedom, which emerges from the use of anticommuting variables, to propose a unified description of quarks and leptons.Expand
An octonionic formulation of the M-theory algebra
• Physics, Mathematics
• 2014
A bstractWe give an octonionic formulation of the N=1$$\mathcal{N}=1$$ supersymmetry algebra in D = 11, including all brane charges. We write this interms of a novel outer product, which takes aExpand