Changes in Rubisco kinetics during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Flaveria (Asteraceae) are associated with positive selection on genes encoding the enzyme.

@article{Kapralov2011ChangesIR,
  title={Changes in Rubisco kinetics during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Flaveria (Asteraceae) are associated with positive selection on genes encoding the enzyme.},
  author={Maxim V Kapralov and David S. Kubien and Inger Andersson and Dmitry A. Filatov},
  journal={Molecular biology and evolution},
  year={2011},
  volume={28 4},
  pages={
          1491-503
        }
}
Rubisco, the primary photosynthetic carboxylase, evolved 3-4 billion years ago in an anaerobic, high CO(2) atmosphere. The combined effect of low CO(2) and high O(2) levels in the modern atmosphere, and the inability of Rubisco to distinguish completely between CO(2) and O(2), leads to the occurrence of an oxygenation reaction that reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis. Among land plants, C(4) photosynthesis largely solves this problem by facilitating a high CO(2)/O(2) ratio at the site of… 
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The findings illustrate how simple genetic changes can contribute to the evolution of photosynthesis and strengthen the hypothesis that parallel amino-acid replacements are associated with adaptive changes in Rubisco.
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The versatility of plastome manipulation in tobacco is shown for identifying sequences in C4-rubisco that can be transplanted into C3-Rubisco to improve carboxylation rate (VC), and application of this transplastomic system permits further identification of other structural solutions selected by nature that can increase rubisco VC in C3 crops.
The potential for co-evolution of CO2-concentrating mechanisms and Rubisco in diatoms
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Current understanding of the diatom CCM is explored and the diversity of both the CCM and Rubisco kinetics is highlighted, and possible environmental, physiological, and evolutionary drivers for the co-evolution of the CCMs and Rubiscos in diatoms are suggested.
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