Central pattern generator for escape swimming in the notaspid sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica.

@article{Jing1999CentralPG,
  title={Central pattern generator for escape swimming in the notaspid sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica.},
  author={Jian Jing and Rhanor Gillette},
  journal={Journal of neurophysiology},
  year={1999},
  volume={81 2},
  pages={
          654-67
        }
}
Escape swimming in the notaspid opisthobranch Pleurobranchaea is an episode of alternating dorsal and ventral body flexions that overrides all other behaviors. We have explored the structure of the central pattern generator (CPG) in the cerebropleural ganglion as part of a study of neural network interactions underlying decision making in normal behavior. The CPG comprises at least eight bilaterally paired interneurons, each of which contributes and is phase-locked to the swim rhythm. Dorsal… 
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Central pattern generator for swimming in Melibe

A network of neurons appears to constitute the central pattern generator (CPG) for this nudibranch mollusc Melibe leonina, one of only a few such networks to be described in cellular detail.

Escape swim network interneurons have diverse roles in behavioral switching and putative arousal in Pleurobranchaea.

Different roles are found for the different swim interneurons in acute suppression of feeding during the swim and in a longer-term stimulation of excitability in the feeding network, delineating the nature of the putative serotonergic arousal system of gastropods.

Neural Correlates of Swimming Behavior in Melibe leonina

The pattern of activity recorded from p SMNs in isolated brains was very similar to the bursting pattern obtained from the same pSMNs in semi-intact animals, indicating that the sCPG can produce the swim rhythm in the absence of sensory feedback.

Homology and homoplasy of swimming behaviors and neural circuits in the Nudipleura (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)

The pattern of use and reuse of homologous neurons in various forms of swimming and other behaviors further demonstrates that the composition of neural circuits influences the evolution of behaviors.

A Single Central Pattern Generator for the Control of a Locomotor Rolling Wave in Mollusc Aplysia

The findings support the idea that Aplysia pedal waves are generated by a single CPG, and bursting activity in the parapedal commissural nerve (PPCN) was found to occur during tail contraction.

Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea

Two groups of interneurons, Tr1 and DRI, have been identified in the escape swim circuit of the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea that have important roles in behavioral initiation and should facilitate studies of motor program initiation and of how various forms of experience, including simple forms of learning, act to influence neuronal decision-making processes.

The Role of the Escape Swim Motor Network in the Organization of Behavioral Hierarchy and Arousal in Pleurobranchaea1

The serotonergic As1–4 neurons are likely to be critical, multi-functional components upon which much of the organization of the animal's behavior rests.

Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1

Two groups of interneurons, Tr1 and DRI, have been identified in the escape swim circuit of the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea that have important roles in behavioral initiation and should facilitate studies of motor program initiation as well as of how various forms of experience, including simple forms of learning, act to influence neuronal decision-making processes.

Evidence that the Central Pattern Generator for Swimming in Tritonia Arose from a Non-Rhythmic Neuromodulatory Arousal System: Implications for the Evolution of Specialized Behavior1

Abstract Comparisons of the nervous systems of closely related invertebrate species show that identified neurons tend to be highly conserved even though the behaviors in which they participate vary.…

The Sea Slug, Pleurobranchaea californica: A Signpost Species in the Evolution of Complex Nervous Systems and Behavior.

Parallels and contrasts in neuronal circuits for action selection in Pleurobranchaea and vertebrates suggest how a basic set of decision circuitry was built upon in evolving segmentation, articulated skeletons, sociality, and highly invested reproductive strategies.
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47 References

Neuronal elements that mediate escape swimming and suppress feeding behavior in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea.

The A1 neurons are elements of an escape swimming pattern generator, and are probably homologous to the similar C2 neurons of the nudibranch Tritonia diomedea, and one of their functions outside of generating the swim pattern may be the suppression of feeding behavior in response to noxious stimulation.

Control of locomotion in marine mollusk Clione limacina. VIII. Cerebropedal neurons.

Serotonergic neurons were mapped in the CNS of Clione by immunohistochemical methods and location and size of cells in two groups of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral ganglia appeared to be similar to those of CPA1 and CPB1 neurons, suggesting a possible mechanism for serotonin's ability to exert a strong excitatory action on the locomotor generator ofclione.

Control of feeding motor output by paracerebral neurons in brain of Pleurobranchaea californica.

A population of interneurons that control feeding behavior in the mollusk Pleurobranchaea has been analyzed by dye injection and intracellular stimulation/recording in whole animals and reduced preparations and shows properties expected of behaviorally specific "command" neurons for feeding.

Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. III. Cerebral neurons.

It appears that the two discrete clusters of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons have similar, but not identical, effects on swim neurons, raising the possibility that theTwo serotonergic cell groups modulate the same target cells through different cellular mechanisms.

Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. VII Reexamination of type 12 interneurons.

In previous work carried out on the isolated pedal ganglia of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina, the activity of a neuronal element (type 12 neuron) was described and its role in locomotory rhythm generation was looked into by using less reduced preparation of the central nervous system.

Identification and characterization of cerebral ganglion neurons that induce swimming and modulate swim-related pedal ganglion neurons in Aplysia brasiliana.

A family of several pairs of neurons in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia brasiliana that are capable of inducing, maintaining, or modulating a motor program that underlies swim locomotion in this marine mollusk is identified and characterized.

Neuroethology of the swimming behavior in the Pacific nudibranch, Melibe leonina

Melibe swimming is a stereotyped fixed action pattern that is probably used, in part, to escape from predators.

Neural control of swimming in Aplysia brasiliana. II. Organization of pedal motoneurons and parapodial motor fields.

Almost all motoneurons fired rhythmically during fictive swimming, including those controlling foot and columellar muscle, and three types of motoneuron are described that cause parapodial expansion.

Functional roles and circuitry in an inhibitory pathway to feeding command neurones in Pleurobranchaea.

An interneuronal pathway is described which causes inhibition of the PCNs and potentially mediates the effects of learning and dual intracellular recordings and current injection show that ipsilateral members of the Int-2 population are electrically coupled via a nonrectifying connection.

Swimming in Aplysia brasiliana: identification of parapodial opener-phase and closer-phase neurons.

1. In freely behaving Aplysia brasiliana, spontaneous swimming in the laboratory occurred primarily in the dark hours of the day-night cycle. Suspending an intact animal above the substrate elicited…