Breast cancer in adolescents and young adults: a review with a focus on biology.

@article{Tichy2013BreastCI,
  title={Breast cancer in adolescents and young adults: a review with a focus on biology.},
  author={J. R. Tichy and Elgene Lim and Carey K Anders},
  journal={Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN},
  year={2013},
  volume={11 9},
  pages={
          1060-9
        }
}
Breast cancer is a substantial contributor to adolescent and young adult (AYA) malignancies, defined as a diagnosis of cancer between the ages of 15 and 39. In the United States, 6.6% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed among women younger than 40 years. When breast cancer occurs in AYAs, it typically has a worse prognosis and more-aggressive phenotype; higher proportions of high-grade and later-stage tumors; lower estrogen receptor positivity; and, in some studies, higher expression of HER2… 
A Review of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Adolescents and Young Adults
TLDR
The risk factors contributing to AYA breast cancer, such as heritable predisposition, environmental, and lifestyle factors, are discussed and a number of risk models which incorporate genetic factors that aid clinicians in quantifying an individual’s lifetime risk of disease are described.
Breast cancer survival among young women: a review of the role of modifiable lifestyle factors
TLDR
A model is proposed identifying three main areas of lifestyle factors (energy imbalance, inflammation, and dietary nutrient adequacy) that may influence survival in BCYW and a summary of mechanisms of action and a synthesis of previous research on each of these topics are provided.
Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Young Women
TLDR
The epidemiology of breast cancer among women aged 40 years or less is reviewed and a higher rate of germline mutation in BRCA 1&2, distinct estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, and over-expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 are identified.
Breast cancer in adolescents and young adults
Breast cancer is the most common cancer of adolescents and young adult (AYA) women aged 15 to 39 years, accounting for 5.6% of all invasive breast cancer in women. In comparison with older women,
Adult Cancers in Adolescents and Young Adults.
TLDR
The management of AYAs with 3 of the most common cancers affecting adults, when they emerge in the AYA populations, and therefore are currently met by medical oncologists - breast cancer, colorectal cancer and melanoma.
Breast cancer in women younger than 35 years old
TLDR
Retrospective analysis of very young women with breast cancer from the Surgical-Oncologic Breast Cancer Department at “Theagenio” Anticancer Hospital, 2003–2016 found the risk of recurrence and death was six times higher in the positive lymph node group, after adjusting for all possible factors.
Molecular analyses of triple-negative breast cancer in the young and elderly
TLDR
Age at diagnosis alone does not appear to provide an additional layer of biological complexity above that of proposed genetic and transcriptional phenotypes of TNBC, and treatment decisions should be less influenced by age and more driven by tumor biology.
Breast cancer in young women: special considerations in multidisciplinary care
TLDR
An overview of the current multimodal treatment regimens and the unique challenges in treating breast cancer in the young is reviewed, highlighting the need to incorporate new expertise, such as reproductive specialists and genetic counselors.
...
1
2
3
4
5
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 63 REFERENCES
Very young women (<35 years) with operable breast cancer: features of disease at presentation.
TLDR
Compared with less young premenopausal patients, very young women have a greater chance of having an endocrine-unresponsive tumor, and are more likely to present with a higher grade, more extensively proliferating and vessel invading disease.
Breast cancer before age 40 years.
TLDR
Chemotherapy, endocrine, and local therapies have the potential to significantly impact both the physiologic health-including future fertility, premature menopause, and bone health-and the psychological health of young women as they face a diagnosis of breast cancer.
Relationship of patient age to pathologic features of the tumor and prognosis for patients with stage I or II breast cancer.
  • A. Nixon, D. Neuberg, +7 authors J. Harris
  • Medicine
    Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
  • 1994
TLDR
Breast cancer patients younger than 35 years have a worse prognosis than older patients, only partially explained by a higher frequency of adverse pathologic factors seen in younger patients.
Young age at diagnosis correlates with worse prognosis and defines a subset of breast cancers with shared patterns of gene expression.
  • C. Anders, D. Hsu, +10 authors K. Blackwell
  • Medicine
    Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
  • 2008
TLDR
This large-scale genomic analysis illustrates that breast cancer arising in young women is a unique biologic entity driven by unifying oncogenic signaling pathways, is characterized by less hormone sensitivity and higher HER-2/EGFR expression, and warrants further study to offer this poor-prognosis group of women better preventative and therapeutic options.
Effects of young age at presentation on survival in breast cancer
TLDR
Young age at presentation conferred a worse prognosis in spite of a higher than expected positive hormone receptor status, more anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy and equivalent adjuant tamoxifen hormonal therapy in younger patients.
Early-onset breast cancer--histopathological and prognostic considerations.
TLDR
The association of young age at diagnosis with a worse prognosis in this series is explained by a higher proportion of poorly differentiated cancers; age itself had no influence on the prognosis of the individual.
Elucidating Prognosis and Biology of Breast Cancer Arising in Young Women Using Gene Expression Profiling
TLDR
Proliferation-related prognostic gene signatures can aid treatment decision-making for young women, however, breast cancer arising at a young age seems to be biologically distinct beyond subtype distribution.
Abstract S3-1: Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in the very young 35 years of age or younger
TLDR
Very young women are more likely to achieve a pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, driven mainly by triple negative BC, which is more common in the very young.
Breast cancer phenotype in women with TP53 germline mutations: a Li-Fraumeni syndrome consortium effort
TLDR
The findings suggest that modern treatments may result in improved outcomes for women with LFS-associated breast cancer as most DCIS and invasive ductal carcinomas in LFS are hormone receptor positive and/or HER-2 positive.
A novel HER2-positive breast cancer phenotype arising from germline TP53 mutations
TLDR
Findings suggest that breast cancer developing on a background of an inherited TP53 mutation is highly likely to present with amplification of HER2.
...
1
2
3
4
5
...