Betel Quid Chewing Without Tobacco

@article{Song2015BetelQC,
  title={Betel Quid Chewing Without Tobacco},
  author={Han Song and Yi Wan and Yong-yong Xu},
  journal={Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health},
  year={2015},
  volume={27},
  pages={NP47 - NP57}
}
Betel quid without tobacco is an important factor influencing the incidences of oral cancer and precancer. This study systematically evaluated the associations between betel quid containing no tobacco and oral cancer and precancer, with implications for the prevention of oral cancer. We searched MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and EMBASE (to April 2011) and retrieved studies that investigated the relationship between chewing betel quid and oral cancer (or precancer). We performed a meta-analysis… 
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Betel quid chewing and oral potential malignant disorders and the impact of smoking and drinking: A meta-analysis
TLDR
The synergistic effects between smoking/drinking and betel quid highlights the importance of focusing on individuals with multiple exposures and further study should be conducted to confirm these interactions.
Effects of Betel Quid, Smoking and Alcohol on Oral Cancer Risk: A Case–Control Study in Hunan Province, China
TLDR
There was a positive correlation between betel quid chewing and risk of oral cancer in the Hunan Province and the risk of cancer was significantly elevated at high levels of intake and prolonged duration of consumption of betelQuid, smoking, and alcohol.
Tobacco use and betel quid chewing among adults in Myanmar- estimates and social determinants from demographic and health survey, 2015–16
TLDR
In Myanmar, prevalence of both tobacco use and betel quid chewing was high particularly among men, and ‘dual use’ of both smoking and chewing tobacco should also be urgently addressed.
Betel Nut (areca) and Smokeless Tobacco Use in Myanmar
TLDR
The concomitant use of nicotine and areca indicates that betel quid addiction includes a significant component of nicotine dependence, however, the additional activities of areca, including the muscarinic effects of arecoline, indicate that potential cessation therapies should optimally address other factors as well.
Investigating Betel Nut Use, Antecedents and Consequences: A Review of Literature
TLDR
Estimating the current situation on betel nut use at a global level regarding the epidemiology, pharmacology and toxicology, health effects, treatment options, policies and strategies is characterized.
Mouth cancer awareness and beliefs among dental patients.
TLDR
Dental patients, especially those in high-risk groups for mouth cancer and those of lower socio-economic status (SES), are less well informed about the signs and risk factors of oral cancer.
Factors influencing Betel quid chewing among indigenous tribal population in Wayanad, Kerala: A qualitative study
TLDR
It is identified that betel quid chewing among tribes often initiated in young age, with influence of the home environment, parental, peer and spouse related factors, and many features of betelQuid dependency, community level screening for identifying the potential cases and provision of treatment services might be required.
Which Factors, Smoking, Drinking Alcohol, Betel Quid Chewing, or Underlying Diseases, Are More Likely to Influence the Severity of COVID-19?
TLDR
The clinical classification of COVID-19 was associated with patients with diabetes, source of infection, and retired/unemployed, and it was shown that in the clinical practice of CO VID-19 should be more concern these factors.
Protective and toxicogenetic aspects of Piper betle
TLDR
The protective and toxicogenetic effects of P. betle and its derived compounds on the basis of scientific reports found in the PubMed database are discussed.
Cracking the Betel Nut: Cholinergic Activity of Areca Alkaloids and Related Compounds.
TLDR
Evidence indicates that α4* nAChR are at the root of nicotine addiction, and this may also be the case for betel addiction.
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References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 45 REFERENCES
Betel quid without tobacco as a risk factor for oral precancers
Betel quid chewing, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption related to oral cancer in Taiwan.
TLDR
It was found by univariate analysis that alcohol consumption, smoking, betel quid chewing, educational level and occupation were associated with oral cancer, and there was a statistically significant association between oral cancer and betelQuid chewing alone.
Betel quid not containing tobacco and oral cancer: A report on a case–control study in Papua New Guinea and a meta‐analysis of current evidence
TLDR
Preventive efforts should discourage betel quid chewing as well as smoking, according to a case–control study in Papua New Guinea and a systematic review of previous studies.
The precancer risk of betel quid chewing, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis in southern Taiwan
TLDR
It is suggested that, although betel quid chewing was a major cause for both OL and OSF, its effect might be difference between the two diseases, and cigarette smoking has a modifying effect in the development of oral leukoplakia.
The association of smoking, alcoholic consumption, betel quid chewing and oral cavity cancer: a cohort study
TLDR
Results of multivariate logistic regression showed that habitual cigarette smokers, alcohol consumers, and betel quid chewers have a higher risk of contracting oral cavity cancer and should receive oral mucosal screening regularly so potential Oral cavity cancer can be detected as early as possible, which may result in better and improved survival of oral cancer patients.
Impact of betel quid, tobacco and alcohol on three-stage disease natural history of oral leukoplakia and cancer: implication for prevention of oral cancer
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  • Medicine
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TLDR
It was concluded that smoking and betel quid were two significant risk factors for the occurrence of leukoplakia, whereas alcohol was significantly responsible for malignant transformation.
Betel-quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka: a case-control study.
Betel Chewing and Public Health
TLDR
There is a well-established association between betel quid use and severe oral disorders, including oral submucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and periodontal disease.
A review of betel quid chewing, oral cancer and precancer in Mainland China.
CYP26B1 is a novel candidate gene for betel quid-related oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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