Avoiding common problems associated with intravenous fluid therapy

@article{Hilton2008AvoidingCP,
  title={Avoiding common problems associated with intravenous fluid therapy},
  author={Andrew K. Hilton and Vincent Pellegrino and Carlos Scheinkestel},
  journal={Medical Journal of Australia},
  year={2008},
  volume={189}
}
Inappropriate intravenous fluid therapy is a significant cause of patient morbidity and mortality and may result from either incorrect volume (too much or too little) or incorrect type of fluid. Fluid overload has no precise definition, but complications usually arise in the context of pre‐existing cardiorespiratory disease and severe acute illness. Insufficient fluid administration is readily identified by signs and symptoms of inadequate circulation and decreased organ perfusion… 
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Inappropriate intravenous fluid therapy results in increased patient morbidity and mortality, and the recognition that, in hospital settings, disorders of sodium and water balance are often iatrogenic.
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The Complexities of Intravenous Fluid Research: Questions of Scale, Volume, and Accumulation
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It is clear that the authors have limited understanding of the effects of the intravenous fluids they use daily in the most vulnerable of patient groups, and the research agenda is large and urgent.
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Randomized clinical trials are urgently required to assess the role of fluid overload in mortality and morbidity in this population of critically ill patients and the amount and duration of fluid accumulation may influence outcomes.
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The evidence is reviewed, a framework for future studies to refine these concepts further is provided, and it is unclear whether fluid retention is simply a marker of the severity of organ failure or a mediator of events.
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Fasting medical patients receive an inadequate supply of glucose and electrolytes, and prolonged fluid therapy and malnutrition may worsen the outcomes of these patients, independently of other conditions like age or diseases.
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Determination of baseline UEC, duration of hospital stay and duration of IV fluid administration were found to be significantly associated with adequate monitoring, and vital signs and clinical signs and symptoms were the most frequently monitored parameters.
Intravenous fluids in acute decompensated heart failure.
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