Apomixis: a developmental perspective.

@article{Koltunow2003ApomixisAD,
  title={Apomixis: a developmental perspective.},
  author={Anna M. G. Koltunow and Ueli Grossniklaus},
  journal={Annual review of plant biology},
  year={2003},
  volume={54},
  pages={
          547-74
        }
}
The term apomixis encompasses a suite of processes whereby seeds form asexually in plants. In contrast to sexual reproduction, seedlings arising from apomixis retain the genotype of the maternal parent. The transfer of apomixis and its effective utilization in crop plants (where it is largely absent) has major advantages in agriculture. The hallmark components of apomixis include female gamete formation without meiosis (apomeiosis), fertilization-independent embryo development (parthenogenesis… 
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Role of Apomixis in Perpetuation of Flowering Plants: Ecological Perspective
TLDR
It is understood that polyploidisation and/or hybridisation-associated shifts as well as environmental gradients play a role in establishing apomixis in most of the studied taxa.
Apomixis in flowering plants: Developmental and evolutionary considerations.
Partitioning Apomixis Components to Understand and Utilize Gametophytic Apomixis
TLDR
Modifications in cytogenetic status, as well as endosperm imprinting effects arising due to partitioning effects, opens up new opportunities to understand and utilize apomixis components, especially towards synthesizing apomIXis in crops.
Apomixis: Developmental Characteristics and Genetics
TLDR
Asexual reproduction through seeds, or apomixis, is widespread in angiosperms, although does not happen frequently, and its deployment in major crops would afford advantages for breeding and maintenance of hybrid genotypes.
The Genetic Control of Apomixis: Asexual Seed Formation
TLDR
The major apomixis mechanisms are described and update knowledge concerning the loci that control them, in addition to presenting candidate genes that may be used as tools for switching the sexual pathway to an apomictic mode of reproduction in crops.
The steps from sexual reproduction to apomixis
TLDR
An interaction model of apomixis-related genes was constructed and the process of the emergence of non-fusion types was discussed, and an apomxis regulatory model was established, which provides reference for the research and application of apoixis.
Apomixis: A Foresight from Genetic Mechanisms to Molecular Perspectives
TLDR
The present review summarises recent advances in apomixis and compiles information on vital genes and mutants involved in regulating apomxis during various stages of development.
The Rise of Apomixis in Natural Plant Populations
TLDR
The state of knowledge on origin, establishment and maintenance of natural apomixis is reviewed to consider the potential risks of pollen transfer and introgression into sexual crop fields, which might be overcome by using pollen-sterile or cleistogamous variants.
Apomictic and Sexual Germline Development Differ with Respect to Cell Cycle, Transcriptional, Hormonal and Epigenetic Regulation
TLDR
This study provides a comprehensive reference dataset for apomictic development and yields important new insights into the transcriptional basis underlying apomixis in relation to sexual reproduction.
Apomixis in Crop Improvement
TLDR
Biotechnological work carried out on some plant systems—Pennisetum, Brachiaria, and Paspalum—where apomixis has been subjected to detailed molecular genetic analysis is summarized here because of the importance of concepts and experimental strategies involved.
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References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 165 REFERENCES
Developmental genetics of gametophytic apomixis.
Apomixis: Embryo Sacs and Embryos Formed without Meiosis or Fertilization in Ovules.
TLDR
In this review, the different forms of apomixis that occur in ovules will be discussed and compared at a developmental level with sexual reproductive processes.
Apomixis in agriculture: the quest for clonal seeds
TLDR
Molecular genetic studies in apomictic and sexual systems will generate the knowledge necessary for the engineering of conditional apomixis technology, and encourage collaboration and widespread dissemination of the acquired knowledge will constitute the most innovative route to the development, deployment and acceptance of apomIXis technology in agriculture.
Engineering of Apomixis in Crop Plants: What Can We Learn from Sexual Model Systems?
TLDR
A short summary of developmental and genetic aspects are provided and a program using sexual model systems to identify genes and promoters relevant to the engineering of apomixis is reported on.
Dosage effects in the endosperm of diplosporous apomictic Tripsacum (Poaceae)
TLDR
The findings suggest that evolution of diplosporous apomixis might have been restricted to species with few or no imprinting requirements, and the findings have strong implications regarding the transfer of apomxis to sexually reproducing crops.
Reproductive development in apomictic populations of Arabis holboellii (Brassicaceae)
TLDR
Flow cytometric analyses of single mature seeds from all three populations suggest that only unreduced gametes participate in viable seed development, and the mechanisms of apomictic reproduction in A. holboellii are discussed.
Is supernumerary chromatin involved in gametophytic apomixis of polyploid plants?
TLDR
The possible involvement of supernumerary chromatin, formed as a result of interspecific hybridization, in the origin of apomixis is explored here.
APOMIXIS IN PANICUM MAXIMUM
TLDR
The present cytological studies of the reproductive processes on the female side were undertaken to determine whether apomixis occurs, and if so, its extent and the mechanisms involved.
Apomixis: its identification and use in plant breeding
TLDR
The purposes of this paper are to help plant breeders and geneticists recognize apomixis and to show how it can be used in plant improvement.
Apomixis in Plants
TLDR
This review focuses on the development of Apomixis and its applications in Sexual Plants and Polyploidy, as well as on the models used in Embryology and Cytology for Gene Regulation.
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