Analgesic effect and plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine after two dose levels of codeine following oral surgery

@article{Quiding2004AnalgesicEA,
  title={Analgesic effect and plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine after two dose levels of codeine following oral surgery},
  author={Hans Quiding and G Lundqvist and Lars O. Bor{\'e}us and U. G. Bondesson and John {\"O}hrvik},
  journal={European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
  year={2004},
  volume={44},
  pages={319-323}
}
SummaryA double blind randomised cross over investigation was carried out in 25 male patients undergoing two oral surgical extractions, one for each lower wisdom tooth. The two extractions were performed about 6 weeks apart and were carried out under local anaesthesia. One hour after each extraction the patients randomly received 90 or 45 mg codeine. During the following 5 h the patients rated the intensity of their pain on a visual analogue scale. Blood was simultaneously sampled and assayed… Expand
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Pharmacogenetics of codeine metabolism in an urban population of children and its implications for analgesic reliability.
TLDR
Codeine analgesia is less reliable than morphine, but was not well correlated with either phenotype or plasma morphine in this study, suggesting reduced ability for codeine metabolism may be more common than previously reported. Expand
Synergistic effects between codeine and diclofenac after local, spinal and systemic administration
TLDR
The fact that the highest synergism was observed after systemic administration suggests that the interaction is occurring at several anatomical sites, and supports the clinical use of this combination in pain management. Expand
Codeine and clinical impairment in samples in which morphine is not detected
TLDR
Codeine appeared to have some dose-dependent effect on the central nervous system that may lead to impairment as judged from a CTD, independent of measurable blood morphine concentrations, which supports the view that some codeine effects do not seem to be mediated by morphine. Expand
A review of the efficacy and safety of opioid analgesics post-craniotomy.
TLDR
It is argued, in this paper, that codeine phosphate is an unpredictable pro-drug that does not equate to a safe and effective method of providing analgesia post-craniotomy, and there is an explicit challenge to the neurosurgical community to re-evaluate their pain-management strategies. Expand
Codeine to morphine concentration ratios in samples from living subjects and autopsy cases after incubation.
TLDR
If codeine and morphine glucuronides are subject to cleavage to the same extent in living and autopsy cases in vitro is investigated and a reduction in the codeine to morphine concentration ratio was found. Expand
Role of active metabolites in the use of opioids
TLDR
Clinicians need to be aware that many opioids have active metabolites that will become therapeutically important, for example in cases of altered pathology, drug interactions and genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Expand
Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of morphine, codeine, and their derivatives: theory and clinical reality, Part II.
TLDR
Understanding of this metabolism of codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and buprenorphine is important so that clinicians can choose the proper dosages for analgesia and anticipate potential drug-drug interactions. Expand
Proceedings of the Symposium "Updates of the Clinical Pharmacology of Opioids with Special Attention to Long-Acting Drugs"
TLDR
The evidence suggests that the metabolites of several opioids account for an important part of the clinical effects that must be considered in clinical practice. Expand
Genetic Predictors of the Clinical Response to Opioid Analgesics
This review uses a candidate gene approach to identify possible pharmacogenetic modulators of opioid therapy, and discusses these modulators together with demonstrated genetic causes for the… Expand
Post‐craniotomy analgesia: current practices in British neurosurgical centres ‐ a survey of post‐craniotomy analgesic practices
  • G. Roberts
  • Medicine
  • European journal of anaesthesiology
  • 2005
TLDR
It is proposed that patient controlled analgesia with morphine is an efficacious and safe alternative to codeine phosphate in post‐craniotomy analgesia. Expand
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