• DOI:10.1038/nature12787
• Corpus ID: 4465608

An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues

@article{Andersson2014AnAO,
  title={An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues},
  author={Robin Andersson and Claudia Gebhard and Irene Miguel-Escalada and Ilka Hoof and Jette Bornholdt and Mette Boyd and Yun Chen and Xiaobei Zhao and Christian Schmidl and Takahiro Suzuki and Evgenia Ntini and Erik Arner and Eivind Valen and Kang Li and Lucia Schwarzfischer and Dagmar Glatz and Johanna Raithel and Berit Lilje and Nicolas Rapin and Frederik Otzen Bagger and Mette J{\o}rgensen and Peter Refsing Andersen and Nicolas Bertin and Owen J. L. Rackham and A. Maxwell Burroughs and John Kenneth Baillie and Yuri Ishizu and Yuri Shimizu and Erina Furuhata and Shiori Maeda and Yutaka Negishi and Chris J. Mungall and Terrence F. Meehan and Timo Lassmann and Masayoshi Itoh and Hideya Kawaji and Naoto Kondo and Jun Kawai and Andreas Lennartsson and Carsten O. Daub and Peter Heutink and David A. Hume and Torben Heick Jensen and Harukazu Suzuki and Yoshihide Hayashizaki and Ferenc M{\"u}ller and Alistair R. R. Forrest and Piero Carninci and Michael Rehli and Albin Sandelin},
  journal={Nature},
  year={2014},
  volume={507},
  pages={455-461}
}

• R. Andersson, C. Gebhard, +47 authors A. Sandelin
• Published 26 March 2014
• Biology
• Nature

Enhancers control the correct temporal and cell-type-specific activation of gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes. Knowing their properties, regulatory activity and targets is crucial to understand the regulation of differentiation and homeostasis. Here we use the FANTOM5 panel of samples, covering the majority of human tissues and cell types, to produce an atlas of active, in vivo-transcribed enhancers. We show that enhancers share properties with CpG-poor messenger RNA promoters but produce bidirectional, exosome-sensitive, relatively short unspliced RNAs, the generation of which is strongly related to enhancer activity. The atlas is used to compare regulatory programs between different cells at unprecedented depth, to identify disease-associated regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms, and to classify cell-type-specific and ubiquitous enhancers. We further explore the utility of enhancer redundancy, which explains gene expression strength rather than expression patterns. The online FANTOM5 enhancer atlas represents a unique resource for studies on cell-type-specific enhancers and gene regulation.