Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes and possible route of entry into Japan

@article{Goka2009AmphibianCI,
  title={Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes and possible route of entry into Japan},
  author={Koichi Goka and Jun Yokoyama and Yumi Une and Toshiro Kuroki and Kazutaka Suzuki and Miri Nakahara and A. Kobayashi and Shigeki Inaba and Tomoo Mizutani and Alex D. Hyatt},
  journal={Molecular Ecology},
  year={2009},
  volume={18}
}
A serious disease of amphibians caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was first found in Japan in December 2006 in imported pet frogs. This was the first report of chytridiomycosis in Asia. To assess the risk of pandemic chytridiomycosis to Japanese frogs, we surveyed the distribution of the fungus among captive and wild frog populations. We established a nested PCR assay that uses two pairs of PCR primers to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of a… 
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It is hypothesised that the frog populations in Asian tropics might harbour several endemic strains of Bd, and the high levels of diversity and uniqueness of BD haplotypes in the region, probably resulted from historical host-pathogen co-evolution.
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A more complex evolutionary history for this pathogen in Bolivia is suggested, and the presence of Bd-GPL is extended to the central Andes in South America, and this hypervirulent strain is reported at Lago Titicaca, where Bd has been detected since 1863, without evidence of amphibian declines.
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A contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage in Mexico is observed and four genetic subpopulations and potential for admixture among these populations are reported, with a clear geographic signature or support for the epizootic wave hypothesis.
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It is emphasized that chytridiomycosis in Asia is an important wildlife disease and it needs focussed research, as it is a dynamic front of pathogen diversity and virulence.
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