Activity of tonically active neurons in the monkey putamen during initiation and withholding of movement.

@article{Lee2006ActivityOT,
  title={Activity of tonically active neurons in the monkey putamen during initiation and withholding of movement.},
  author={Irwin H. Lee and Aaron R. Seitz and John A Assad},
  journal={Journal of neurophysiology},
  year={2006},
  volume={95 4},
  pages={
          2391-403
        }
}
Tonically active neurons (TANs) of the primate striatum are putative interneurons that respond to events of motivational significance, such as primary rewards, and to sensory stimuli that predict such events. Because TANs influence striatal projection neurons, TANs may play a role in the initiation and control of movement. To examine this issue, we recorded from putaminal TANs in macaque monkeys trained to make the same arm movement in two ways--in reaction to an external cue and also after a… 
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Tonically active neurons (TANs) respond by a pause or an increase in their activity to all rewarding events in a task in which combined visual cues indicate to the monkeys the levels of force to produce and the upcoming reward.
Tonically active neurons in the striatum differentiate between delivery and omission of expected reward in a probabilistic task context
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It is found that only a subset of TANs could detect the extent to which reward occurs differently than predicted, thus contributing to the encoding of positive and negative reward prediction errors that is relevant to reinforcement learning.
Modulation of neuronal activity in the monkey putamen 3 associated with changes in the habitual order of sequential 4 movements 5 6
TLDR
The findings suggest that task-related changes in activity of projection neurons may be an important factor contributing to the production and adjustment of sequential behavior executed in an automatic fashion, whereas putative interneurons may provide a signal for performance monitoring in specific contexts.
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Striatal neurons active primarily after a movement appear to be segregated into two distinct groups that provide complimentary information about the outcomes of actions.
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Putative Cholinergic Interneurons in the Ventral and Dorsal Regions of the Striatum Have Distinct Roles in a Two Choice Alternative Association Task
TLDR
The findings suggest that coding of movement by TANs in both regions overlaps to some degree, yet the differences in response patterns support the notion that the T ANs in DLS participate in the motor loop whereas TANS in VS convey event-related information such as movement initiation, movement direction, and end of movement.
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward detection to context recognition
  • P. Apicella
  • Biology, Psychology
    Trends in Neurosciences
  • 2007
Neuronal encoding of reward value and direction of actions in the primate putamen.
TLDR
The results support the view that putamen neurons encode reward value and direction of actions, which may be a basis for mediating the processes leading from reward-value mapping to guiding ongoing actions toward their expected outcomes and directions.
Firing Pattern Characteristics of Tonically Active Neurons in Rat Striatum: Context Dependent or Species Divergent?
TLDR
It is demonstrated that TAN activity is substantially influenced by event context; yet, under identical task conditions, primate and rat TANs display similar activity patterns, whereas under different conditions they do not.
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