Active pixel sensors: are CCDs dinosaurs?

@inproceedings{Fossum1993ActivePS,
  title={Active pixel sensors: are CCDs dinosaurs?},
  author={E. Fossum},
  booktitle={Electronic Imaging},
  year={1993}
}
  • E. Fossum
  • Published in Electronic Imaging 1993
  • Engineering, Physics
Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are presently the technology of choice for most imaging applications. In the 23 years since their invention in 1970, they have evolved to a sophisticated level of performance. However, as with all technologies, we can be certain that they will be supplanted someday. In this paper, the Active Pixel Sensor (APS) technology is explored as a possible successor to the CCD. An active pixel is defined as a detector array technology that has at least one active transistor… Expand
View on SPIE
ericfossum.com
436 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
18
Background Citations
141
Methods Citations
32

436 Citations

Citation Type

Citation Type

CCD versus CMOS - has CCD imaging come to an end?
CMOS image sensors are today challenging the existing Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) in several application fields. Improved architecture and processes have to a large extent overcome early weaknesses… Expand
Development and characterization of active pixel sensors for space applications
Since 1993, research concerning CMOS APS (Active Pixel Sensors) has been intensively carried out, in order to offer an alternative to CCDs as an image sensor, particularly in space applications. Many… Expand
Development of CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors for Low Cost Commercial Applications
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, under sponsorship from the NASA Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology, has been developing a second-generation solid-state image sensor technology. Charge-coupled… Expand
CCD and APS/CMOS technology for smart pixels and image sensors
The relentless progress of semiconductor technology makes it possible to provide image sensors and pixels with additional analog and digital functionality. Growing experience with such photosensor… Expand
Design of an APS CMOS Image Sensor for Low Light Level Applications Using Standard CMOS Technology
TLDR
This paper presents a study of different pixel photodiodes and architectures, in order to increase their sensitivity and reduce their spatial and temporal noise. Expand
A CMOS area image sensor with pixel-level A/D conversion
Charge-coupled devices (CCD) are at present the most widely used technology for implementing area image sensors. However, they suffer from low yields, consume too much power, and are plagued with SNR… Expand
Active pixel sensor design: from pixels to systems
Since active pixel sensors (APS) are fabricated in a commonly used CMOS process, image sensors with integrated "intelligence" can be designed. These sensors are very useful in many scientific,… Expand
From electronic photography to seeing chips-the future of image sensing
  • P. Seitz
  • Engineering
  • AT'95: Advanced Technologies Intelligent Vision
  • 1995
Thanks to the advances of semiconductor technology, solid state image sensors with impressive properties can be realized today: CCDs with 26 million pixels are commercially available. Pixel size has… Expand
Custom Smart Image Sensors for Optical Metrology and Machine Vision
TLDR
It is concluded that the possibilities offered by custom smart image sensors will influence the design and the performance of future imaging systems in many disciplines, reaching from optical metrology to machine vision on the factory floor and in robotics applications. Expand
Performance Improvement of CMOS APS Pixels using Photodiode Peripheral Utilization Method
  • S. Ay
  • Materials Science
  • 2011
Charge-coupled device (CCD) technology had been leading the field of solid-state imaging for over two decades, in terms of production yield and performance until a relatively new image sensor… Expand
...
1
2
3
4
5
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 66 REFERENCES
New advancements in charge-coupled device technology: subelectron noise and 4096 x 4096 pixel CCDs
This paper reports on two new advancements in CCD technology. The first area of development has produced a special purpose CCD designed for ultra low-signal level imaging and spectroscopy… Expand
Application of the active-pixel-sensor concept to guidance and navigation
TLDR
The active pixel sensor, the possible successor to CCDs, potentially features the same sensitivity and performance of the CCD with additional improvements, and its potential application to guidance and navigation systems is discussed. Expand
26.2-million-pixel CCD image sensor
A 26.2 million pixel CCD Imager Sensor has been successfully designed and fabricated. The device uses a full frame architecture with 5,120 X 5,120 pixels organization. With a pitch of 12 microns in… Expand
A 2-million-pixel CCD image sensor overlaid with an amorphous silicon photoconversion layer
A highly sensitive 2-million-pixel high-definition charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor was developed that features an overlaid amorphous silicon photoconversion layer on an interline… Expand
A new device architecture suitable for high-resolution and high-performance image sensors
A device architecture for building high-performance and high-resolution image sensors suitable for consumer TV camera applications is introduced. The sensor elements are junction field-effect… Expand
A 250 k-pixel SIT image sensor operating in its high-sensitivity mode
A solid-state imaging device which uses a static induction transistor (SIT) is examined. The image sensor consists of 530(H)*490(V) pixels and is suitable for a 2/3-in optical format. An analysis of… Expand
A New Device Architecture Suitable For High-Resolution And High-Performance Image Sensors
  • J. Hynecek
  • Engineering, Computer Science
  • Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering
  • 1989
TLDR
The key performance parameters achieved in this design, in addition to a high packing density of sensing elements with a unique hexagonal shape, include high signal uniformity, low dark current, good light sensitivity, high blooming overload protection, and no image smear. Expand
Review of Schottky-barrier imager technology
  • W. Kosonocky
  • Materials Science, Engineering
  • Defense, Security, and Sensing
  • 1990
Advances in the development of infrared image sensors with Schottky-barrier detectors (SBDs) are reviewed. SBD operation and design structure are described, including the responsivity and… Expand
Design of a low-light-level image sensor with on-chip sigma-delta analog-to-digital conversion
The design and projected performance of a low-light-level active-pixel-sensor (APS) chip with semi-parallel analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion is presented. The individual elements have been… Expand
1-megapixel IL-CCD image sensor with a progressive scan, antiblooming control, and lag-free operation
A 1024 x 1024 pixel, interline charge-coupled device (IL CCD) image sensor has been developed that incorporates antiblooming and electronic exposure control while eliminating lag and obtaining a high… Expand
...
1
2
3
4
5
...