Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate

@article{Mumford1996AbsorptionRO,
  title={Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate},
  author={Geoffrey K. Mumford and Neal L. Benowitz and Suzette M. Evans and Barbara J. Kaminski and Kenzie L. Preston and Christine A. Sannerud and Kenneth Silverman and Roland R. Griffiths},
  journal={European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
  year={1996},
  volume={51},
  pages={319-325},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8405909}
}
The results suggest that a usual dietary portion of the cola or chocolate used in this study would produce behaviorally discriminable plasma levels of caffeine in most subjects and of theobromine in at least one subject.
View on Springer
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
115 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
8
Background Citations
38
Methods Citations
3
Results Citations
1

115 Citations

Theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline metabolites in human plasma and urine after consumption of soluble cocoa products with different methylxanthine contents

Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure

Pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites in plasma and urine after consuming a soluble green/roasted coffee blend by healthy subjects.

Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate

A normal portion of chocolate exhibits psychopharmacological activity, and the identical profile of effects exerted by cocoa powder and its methylxanthine constituents shows this activity to be confined to the combination of caffeine and theobromine.

Effects of Theobromine and Caffeine on Mood and Vigilance

Findings indicate theobromine does not influence mood and vigilance when administered in nutritionally relevant doses, despite sharing many of caffeine’s structural characteristics.

Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers

It is concluded that theobromine at normal intake ranges may contribute to the positive effects of chocolate, but at higher intakes, effects become negative.

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of natural methylxanthines in animal and man.

Using molar ratios of metabolites in plasma and/or urine, phenotyping of various enzyme activities has become a valuable tool to identify polymorphisms and to understand individual variations and potential associations with health risks in epidemiological surveys.

Effects of time-release caffeine containing supplement on metabolic rate, glycerol concentration and performance.

TR-CAF and CAF showed distinct pharmacokinetics yielding modest effects on reaction time, yet did not alter glycerol concentration, metabolic measures, or other performance measures over an 8-hour period following ingestion.

The impact of prior coffee consumption on the subsequent ergogenic effect of anhydrous caffeine.

Prior consumption of COF did not decrease the ergogenic effect of the subsequent ingestion of anhydrous CAF, and times to exhaustion were significantly greater for all trials with CAF versus placebo.

Caffeine Consumption through Coffee: Content in the Beverage, Metabolism, Health Benefits and Risks

Caffeine exerts positive effects in the body, often in association with other substances, contributing to prevention of several chronic diseases and the potential adverse effects have also been extensively studied in animal species and in humans.
...

19 References

High levels of methylxanthines in chocolate do not alter theobromine disposition

Results reinforce the fundamental principle that both the metabolic and the therapeutic consequences of a particular chemical can differ when that chemical is given in the pure compared with the dietary form.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its primary demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in man.

The pharmacokinetics of caffeine (CA), paraxanthine (PX), theobromine (TB) and theophylline (TP) were studied in six healthy male volunteers after oral administration of each compound on separate…

Breast milk distribution of theobromine from chocolate.

Methylxanthine composition and consumption patterns of cocoa and chocolate products.

This chapter has compiled and evaluated the current information on the methylxanthine composition of cocoa and various chocolate foods and beverages, as well as the consumption pattern for these…

Disposition of caffeine and its metabolites in man.

A large urine recovery of 1-methylxanthine after caffeine administration in comparison with the amount recovered after administration of theophylline suggests an inhibitory effect on the degradation of this metabolite by either caffeine itself or another metabolite of caffeine.

Emptying and absorption of caffeine from the human stomach.

Aussagefähigkeit von Coffeinwerten in Serum, Speichel und Urin - Ermittlung von pharmakokinetischen Daten durch non-invasive Methoden bei psychopharmakologischen Untersuchungen

A good correlation was found to exist between elimination half-lives for serum and saliva levels as well as serum and urine values, and the saliva level was seen to represent the serum level on a broad scale.

Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers.

The results suggest that lactate and triglyceride production and increased vascular smooth muscle tone may be responsible for the major part of the thermogenic effect of caffeine.

Low-dose caffeine discrimination in humans.

Biological activity of caffeine at lower doses than heretofore recognized is documents and the general approach to investigating the effects of low drug doses may have broad application in human psychopharmacology research for characterizing other subtle psychotropic effects.

The influence of food on the absorption and metabolism of drugs.