AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated in muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes during exercise.

@article{Musi2001AMPactivatedPK,
  title={AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated in muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes during exercise.},
  author={Nicolas Musi and Nobuharu L. Fujii and Michael F. Hirshman and I Ekberg and Sven O. Fr{\"o}berg and Olle Ljungqvist and Anders Thorell and Laurie J. Goodyear},
  journal={Diabetes},
  year={2001},
  volume={50 5},
  pages={
          921-7
        }
}
Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation is impaired in people with type 2 diabetes. In contrast, exercise results in a normal increase in GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in these patients. Several groups have recently hypothesized that exercise increases glucose uptake via an insulin-independent mechanism mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). If this hypothesis is correct, people with type 2 diabetes should have normal AMPK activation in response to exercise… 
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AMP-activated protein kinase and muscle glucose uptake.
TLDR
The effects of AMPK on muscle glucose uptake makes this protein a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Effect of Acute Exercise on AMPK Signaling in Skeletal Muscle of Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
TLDR
It is suggested that obese type 2 diabetic subjects may need to exercise at higher intensity to stimulate the AMPK-AS160 axis to the same level as lean subjects.
Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes.
TLDR
The findings suggest that the metabolic effects of metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes may be mediated by the activation of AMPK alpha2, which is implicated in the stimulation of glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and the inhibition of liver gluconeogenesis.
Oral glucose ingestion attenuates exercise-induced activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle.
Exercise increases nuclear AMPK α2 in human skeletal muscle
TLDR
The results suggest that nuclear translocation of AMPK might mediate the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle gene and protein expression.
Regulation of glucose transport by the AMP-activated protein kinase
TLDR
During the next several years considerably more research will be necessary in order to fully understand the role of AMPK in regulating glucose transport in skeletal muscle.
AMPK activity and isoform protein expression are similar in muscle of obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes.
TLDR
The data suggest that impaired insulin action on glycogen synthesis and lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle of obese type 2 diabetic subjects is unlikely to involve changes in AMPK expression and activity.
Skeletal muscle basal AMP-activated protein kinase activity is chronically elevated in alloxan-diabetic dogs: impact of exercise.
TLDR
Elevated preexercise SkM AMPKalpha1 and -alpha2 activities contribute to the ongoing basal supply of glucose and fatty acid metabolism in suboptimally controlled hypoinsulinemic diabetic dogs; but whether they also play a permissive role in the metabolic stress response to exercise remains uncertain.
AMP-activated protein kinase and the regulation of glucose transport.
TLDR
Evidence that AMPK may play a role in enhancing muscle and whole body insulin sensitivity for glucose transport under conditions such as exercise, as well as the use of the AMPK activator AICAR to reverse insulin-resistant conditions is discussed.
Dissociation of AMPK activity and ACCbeta phosphorylation in human muscle during prolonged exercise.
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References

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