A comparison of DNA damage in testicular and proximal epididymal spermatozoa in obstructive azoospermia.

@article{Steele1999ACO,
  title={A comparison of DNA damage in testicular and proximal epididymal spermatozoa in obstructive azoospermia.},
  author={E. K. Steele and Neil Mcclure and Ronald J. Maxwell and Sheena E. M. Lewis},
  journal={Molecular human reproduction},
  year={1999},
  volume={5 9},
  pages={
          831-5
        }
}
Testicular and epididymal spermatozoa are used routinely for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to treat men with obstructive azoospermia. Little is known of the effects of obstruction and stasis on the DNA of these spermatozoa, particularly in the epididymis where spermatozoa have been retained for long periods. Surgical epididymal aspiration for ICSI could provide spermatozoa that are senescent or dying. Using the Comet assay, the percentage of undamaged DNA of testicular spermatozoa… 
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121 Citations

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Multiple mt DNA deletions are common in testicular and ejaculated sperm from both fertile and infertile men, however, in males with obstructive azoospermia, the mtDNA deletions intesticular sperm are of a larger scale.
Morphological and morphometric attributes of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa following surgical sperm retrieval for obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia
Summary. Whilst the morphological (shape) and morphometric (sperm head size) attributes of ejaculated spermatozoa have been well studied, the morphological and morphometric qualities of testicular…
Morphological and morphometric attributes of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa following surgical sperm retrieval for obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia
Whilst the morphological (shape) and morphometric (sperm head size) attributes of ejaculated spermatozoa have been well studied, the morphological and morphometric qualities of testicular and…
Effect on clinical outcome of the interval between collection of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in obstructive azoospermia.
TLDR
It is confirmed that fertilization and pregnancy rates following ICSI with motile spermatozoa are unaffected by the duration between surgical retrieval of spermatozosa and their injection into oocytes, and it is demonstrated that of all treatment modalities, the use of frozen epididymal spermarozoa was associated with the greatest pregnancy rates.
Use of Testicular Sperm for ICSI: Pro
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Current data indicate that the use of testicular sperm is associated with improved ICSI outcomes in men with oligozoospermia and high SDF, and a call for continuous monitoring is nonetheless required until the safety of this strategy to the health of offspring is confirmed.
ICSI outcomes in obstructive azoospermia: influence of the origin of surgically retrieved spermatozoa and the cause of obstruction.
TLDR
It is suggested that the use of testicular spermatozoa, even those generated during normal spermatogenesis, alters embryonic development and that epididymal spermutozoa should be preferentially used, irrespective of the aetiology of OA.
Mitochondrial DNA deletions and nuclear DNA fragmentation in testicular and epididymal human sperm.
TLDR
This study suggests that mtDNA and nDNA of testicular sperm have fewer mutations and fragmentation than epididymal sperm and should be used in preference for ICSI in clinical treatment.
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