A Test of Objectification Theory: The Effect of the Male Gaze on Appearance Concerns in College Women
@article{Calogero2004ATO, title={A Test of Objectification Theory: The Effect of the Male Gaze on Appearance Concerns in College Women}, author={Rachel M. Calogero}, journal={Psychology of Women Quarterly}, year={2004}, volume={28}, pages={16 - 21} }
This study extends the research on objectification theory by examining the effect of anticipating a male or female gaze on appearance-related concerns in 105 female undergraduates. Gaze anticipation was manipulated by having participants believe they would be interacting with a man or woman before completing several self-report measures. Results demonstrated that anticipating a male gaze produced significantly greater body shame and social physique anxiety than anticipating a female gaze, while…
347 Citations
Effects of objectifying gaze on female cognitive performance: The role of flow experience and internalization of beauty ideals
- PsychologyThe British journal of social psychology
- 2017
The role of flow experience was tested as one mechanism leading to performance decrement under sexual objectification, and a moderated mediation model showed that under male versus female gaze, higher internalization of beauty ideals was associated with lower flow, which decreased performance.
My body or my mind: The impact of state and trait objectification on women's cognitive resources
- Psychology
- 2010
Objectification theory posits that as a result of pervasive sexual objectification of the female body in American culture, women are socialized to take an observers' perspective towards the self,…
Whose Gaze is More Objectifying? An Experimental Study of College Women’s State Self-Objectification, Body Shame, Negative Mood, and Body Dissatisfaction
- Psychology
- 2019
Objectification theory posits that women internalize males’ sexualizing gaze upon them and pay more attention to their appearance than to their feelings. To date, the literature has focused on the…
The Beast of Beauty Culture: An Analysis of the Political Effects of Self-Objectification
- Psychology
- 2007
The normalization of female objectification in American culture has given rise to selfobjectification, the phenomenon of girls and women seeing themselves as objects of desire for others. Research in…
Use of Objectification Theory to Examine the Effects of a Media Literacy Intervention on Women
- Psychology
- 2007
Although the impact of the media’s thin ideal on body image may be lessened by media literacy, empirical support for this is inconsistent. Objectification theory, which suggests that certain social…
An examination of body objectification and social physique anxiety in women and men: The priming effects of anticipating a brief social interaction
- Psychology
- 2009
Body objectification occurs when individuals adopt an observer’s view of their body and treat their body as an object. This process has been linked to appearance anxiety and shame, decreased…
Sexist humor as a trigger of state self-objectification in women
- Psychology
- 2015
Abstract We conducted two experiments to test the possibility that sexist humor triggers a state of self-objectification in women. Our findings supported two hypotheses derived from…
Sexual objectification pushes women away: The role of decreased likability
- Psychology
- 2015
The present investigation examined the effect of sexual objectification on women's intention to affiliate with men. We predicted that women would perceive an objectifier as less likable following…
Characteristics of the Male Gazer: Application of Ambivalent Sexism Theory and Sociosexuality on Male Gazing Behavior
- Psychology
- 2016
Gaze behavior has been defined as a method of focusing social attention, which potentially can aid in the process of choosing a potential sexual or romantic partner during mate selection. The male…
Evidence for an Association between Men’s Spontaneous Objectifying Gazing Behavior and their Endorsement of Objectifying Attitudes toward Women
- PsychologySex Roles
- 2018
Despite growing scientific interest in the sexually objectifying male gaze, the relation between men’s gazing behavior and their sexually objectifying attitudes has not yet been examined. The present…
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 20 REFERENCES
Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks
- Psychology
- 1997
This article offers objectification theory as a framework for understanding the experiential consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body. Objectification…
That swimsuit becomes you: sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance.
- PsychologyJournal of personality and social psychology
- 1998
Two experiments manipulated self-objectification by having participants try on a swimsuit or a sweater and found that self- objectification increased body shame, which in turn predicted restrained eating and diminished math performance for women only.
A Test of Objectification Theory in Former Dancers and Non-Dancers
- Psychology
- 2001
In this study we aimed to test the complete model proposed in objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) as it applies to disordered eating. Two samples of women, 50 former students of…
A Mediational Model Linking Self-Objectification, Body Shame, and Disordered Eating
- Psychology
- 1998
This study tests a mediational model of disordered eating derived from objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). The model proposes that the emotion of body shame mediates the…
Physical Attractiveness Contrast Effect: Implications for Self-Esteem and Evaluations of the Social Self
- Psychology
- 1993
Three studies examined the impact of a physical attractiveness contrast effect on self-evaluations. Self-ratings of attractiveness by men and women exposed to highly attractive same-sex stimulus…
Women, but not Men, Are What They Eat
- Psychology
- 1987
Male and female subjects read a food diary attributed to a male or female target who was portrayed as eating either a small breakfast and lunch or a large breakfast and lunch. Consistent with the…
The Experience of Sexual Harassment Among Grade-School Students: Early Socialization of Female Subordination?
- Psychology
- 2000
The purpose of this study was to investigate elementary school children's interpretation of sexual harassment incidents and the relationship of those interpretations to self-esteem and body esteem.…
Person x situation interactions in body dissatisfaction.
- PsychologyThe International journal of eating disorders
- 2001
This study has demonstrated situational effects, person effects, and Person x Situation interactions within the one framework that contributes to an increasingly complex and dynamic view of body image.
The Relationship of Participation in Sports and Physical Activity to Body Objectification, Instrumentality, and Locus of Control Among Young Women
- Education, Psychology
- 2001
The primary purposes of this study were to assess the possible relationship of sports participation during high school to body self-objectification, instrumentality and locus of control, and to…
The Measurement of Social Physique Anxiety
- Psychology
- 1989
A 12-item self-report scale was developed to assess the degree to which people become anxious when others observe or evaluate their physiques. The Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) demonstrated…