A 5-year follow-up on antibody response after diphtheria and tetanus vaccination in hemodialysis patients.

@article{Krger2001A5F,
  title={A 5-year follow-up on antibody response after diphtheria and tetanus vaccination in hemodialysis patients.},
  author={S. Kr{\"u}ger and Michael Müller-Steinhardt and Holger Kirchner and Burkhard Kreft},
  journal={American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation},
  year={2001},
  volume={38 6},
  pages={
          1264-70
        }
}
Chronic renal failure is associated with a T-cell-dependent immune defect. In the past, various studies have focused on the insufficient immune response to vaccination of hemodialysis patients. An impaired vaccination response rate has been reported for vaccines against hepatitis B, influenza, tetanus, diphtheria, and others. However, no data exist on the long-term success of vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria in these patients. The aim of the present study is to investigate… 
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Protective Status of End-Stage Renal Disease Children Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Vaccination
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Evaluating the protective status of vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus in ESRD children after completing routine vaccination revealed that in 91% of hemodialysis patients and 83% of peritoneal dialysis children booster doses of tetanus were recommended.
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Hemodialysis duration has significant effect on antitetanus immunity level, and of the evaluating factors just hemodialysisduration found to affect on tetanus immunity.
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The results indicate that immunization history was not consistent with protective antibody level, so monitoring immunization status and administering the tetanus vaccine in hemodialysis patients are required.
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It is concluded that in this study, the level of the antitetanus IgG antibody (unlike the antidiphtheria IgG antibodies level) is significantly different among the hemodialysis patients, the chronic hemodialsis patients, and the control group.
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It is concluded that except for tetanus, the vast majority of at-risk patients remains susceptible to vaccine-preventable diseases such as diphtheria and pertussis.
Immunogenicity of a standard trivalent influenza vaccine in patients on long-term hemodialysis: an open-label trial.
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Influenza vaccination is as efficacious in HD patients as in healthy volunteers and none of the investigated parameters of nutrition, inflammation, and dialysis adequacy had a significant impact on the immune response.
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The study shows that closer adherence to pretransplantation vaccination schedules and also post‐transplantation monitoring of antibody levels are required in transplant patients.
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Levamisole as an immunomodulator drug has been demonstrated to improve the immune response to hepatitis B virus vaccination in haemodialysis patients. The aim of this randomized double‐blind…
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A systematic review of the literature with a meta-analysis of clinical studies showed no link between immunological response to HBV vaccine and therapy with human recombinant erythropoietin among individuals on long-term dialysis.
Stage of chronic kidney disease predicts seroconversion after hepatitis B immunization: earlier is better.
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This is the largest study to show in a well-characterized cohort that patients with higher GFR levels are more likely to respond to hepatitis B vaccination programs with seroconversion, independent of other factors.
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