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Variations in GABRA2, encoding the alpha 2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations.

The very strong association of GABRA2 with both alcohol dependence and the beta frequency of the electroencephalogram, combined with biological evidence for a role of this gene in both phenotypes, suggest that GABra2 might influence susceptibility to alcohol dependence by modulating the level of neural excitation.
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Genetic polymorphism of human liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, and their relationship to alcohol metabolism and alcoholism

Variant isoenzymes produced at the two polymorphic alcohol dehydrogenase loci account for the differences in enzyme electrophoretic patterns observed among individuals, and this may accounts for the 2‐ to 3‐fold variation in alcohol elimination rate among individuals.
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The Alcohol Flushing Response: An Unrecognized Risk Factor for Esophageal Cancer from Alcohol Consumption

Evidence linking the alcohol flushing response (predominantly due to ALDH2 deficiency) with a much higher risk of esophageal cancer from alcohol consumption is discussed.
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of the Indiana University Rat Lines Selectively Bred for High and Low Alcohol Preference

The elucidation of the genotypes and phenotypes that result in excessive alcohol intake may lead to a better understanding of alcohol abuse and alcoholism and could guide strategies for potential treatment and prevention.
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Determinants of alcohol use and abuse: Impact of quantity and frequency patterns on liver disease

Knowing the pattern of drinking will shed light on how severely individuals are alcohol‐dependent and on the extent of liver damage, and a better understanding of these relationships will guide hepatologists in managing alcoholic liver disease.
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The neuroscience of addiction

This editorial uses the term addiction rather than drug dependence, which is the clinical term favored by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition; DSM-IV), to avoid confusion with physical dependence.
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A comparative study on alcohol-preferring rat lines: effects of deprivation and stress phases on voluntary alcohol intake.

Wistar, HAD, P, and AA rats differentially respond to alcohol deprivation and stress, showing that the genetic background of these different rat lines profoundly affects relapse-like drinking and stress-induced drinking.
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The reinforcing properties of salsolinol in the ventral tegmental area: evidence for regional heterogeneity and the involvement of serotonin and dopamine.

Salsolinol produces reinforcing effects in the posterior VTA of Wistar rats, and these effects are mediated by activation of DA neurons and local 5-HT3 receptors.
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Selective breeding for alcohol preference and associated responses

Rat lines useful for studying the nature of excessive alcohol-seeking behavior exhibit heightened responsivity to the low-dose activating effects of ethanol as well as enhanced capacity for developing tolerance to the aversive, behaviorally impairing effects of alcohol.
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The reinforcing effects of acetaldehyde in the posterior ventral tegmental area of alcohol-preferring rats

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