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The newly synthesized selective Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II inhibitor KN-93 reduces dopamine contents in PC12h cells.
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TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE. THE INITIAL STEP IN NOREPINEPHRINE BIOSYNTHESIS.
TLDR
It has now been possible to demonstrate that brain, adrenal medulla, and sympathetically innervated tissues contain a specific hydroxylase that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to dopa.
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[Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease].
  • T. Nagatsu
  • Medicine
    Seikagaku. The Journal of Japanese Biochemical…
  • 1 May 1988
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A quantitative-trait analysis of human plasma-dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity: evidence for a major functional polymorphism at the DBH locus.
TLDR
It is demonstrated that --1021C-->T is a major genetic marker for plasma-D beta H activity and provide new tools for investigation of the role of both D beta H and the DBH gene in human disease.
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients.
TLDR
The results suggest that an immune response may occur in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic regions in Parkinson's disease and that TNF-alpha may be related, at least in part, to the neuronal degeneration.
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Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation caused by mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene
TLDR
The identification of four independent mutations of the gene for GTP cyclohydrolase I in patients with HPD, as well as a marked decrease in the enzymes activity in mononuclear blood cells, confirms that the GTP cycling enzyme gene is a causative gene for HPD/DRD.
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Changes in cytokines and neurotrophins in Parkinson's disease.
TLDR
Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine receptors and caspase activities, and reduced levels of neurotrophins in the nigrostriatal region in PD patients, and in MPTP- and 6OHDA-produced parkinsonian animals suggest increased immune reactivity and programmed cell death (apoptosis) of neuronal and/or glial cells.
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Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α are elevated in the brain from parkinsonian patients
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Interleukin‐10 Inhibits Both Production of Cytokines and Expression of Cytokine Receptors in Microglia
TLDR
It is suggested that IL‐10 is a unique and potent inhibitory factor in the CNS cytokine network involved in decreasing the expression of cytokine receptors as well as cytokine production by microglia.
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Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha are elevated in the brain from parkinsonian patients.
TLDR
The present results suggest that IL-1 beta, IL-6, EGF, and TGF-alpha may be produced as compensatory responses in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic regions in Parkinson's disease, and may be related, at least in part, to the process of neurodegeneration in Parkinson't disease.
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