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On the fragility of skilled performance: what governs choking under pressure?
  • S. Beilock, T. Carr
  • Psychology
    Journal of experimental psychology. General
  • 1 December 2001
TLDR
Findings support explicit monitoring theories of choking and the popular but infrequently tested belief that attending to proceduralized skills hurts performance.
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When paying attention becomes counterproductive: impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills.
TLDR
Whereas novices and the less-proficient performances of experts benefit from online attentional monitoring of step-by-step performance, high-level skill execution is harmed.
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When High-Powered People Fail
TLDR
It is demonstrated that only individuals high in working memory capacity were harmed by performance pressure, and these skill decrements were limited to math problems with the highest demands onWorking memory capacity.
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More on the fragility of performance: choking under pressure in mathematical problem solving.
TLDR
Findings support distraction theories of choking in math, which contrasts with considerable evidence for explicit monitoring theories of choked in sensorimotor skills, and suggests a skill taxonomy based on real-time control structures.
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Haste does not always make waste: Expertise, direction of attention, and speed versus accuracy in performing sensorimotor skills
TLDR
In agreement with theories of skill acquisition and automaticity, novice performance is enhanced by conditions that allow for on-line attentional monitoring in comparison with conditions that prevent explicit attentional control of skill execution (e.g., dual-task or speed constraints).
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On the Causal Mechanisms of Stereotype Threat: Can Skills That Don't Rely Heavily on Working Memory Still Be Threatened?
TLDR
Three experiments examined ST's impact on expert golf putting, which is not harmed when working memory is reduced but is hurt when attention is allocated to proceduralized processes that normally run outside working memory.
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Comparing cortical activations for silent and overt speech using event‐related fMRI
TLDR
This study combined event related fMRI methodology with a set of techniques for motion reduction, detection, and correction to further investigate overt speech and compare it to silent speech to compare the similarity of activation of cortical pathways potentially relevant to language production during silent and overt speech.
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Working Memory and ‘‘Choking Under Pressure’’ in Math
We examined the relation between pressureinduced performance decrements, or ‘‘choking under pressure,’’ in mathematical problem solving and individual differences in workingmemory capacity. In…
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Visual attention and word recognition in stroop color naming: is word recognition "automatic"?
TLDR
In Stroop color naming, color targets were accompanied by a color word or a color words plus a neutral word that reduces or "dilutes" the Stroop effect, but a word need not be the focus of visual attention to be recognized.
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Words, pictures, and priming: on semantic activation, conscious identification, and the automaticity of information processing.
TLDR
Results indicated that a common semantic code is available that can represent the meaning of either a word or a picture, but this semantic representation appears to be more easily activated by picture primes than by word primes and seems to benefit the naming of picture targets more than the names of word targets.
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