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LONG‐TERM REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE BY HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI: SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS

In the present brief review, the mechanisms within the brain that can influence RSNA are considered, focusing particularly on hypothalamic mechanisms.
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Modulation of the baroreceptor reflex by the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and perifornical area.

The results indicate that disinhibition of neurons in the DMH/PeF region not only increases sympathetic vasomotor activity and heart rate but also resets the baroreceptor reflex such that it remains effective, without any decrease in sensitivity, over a higher operating range of arterial pressure.
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Cardiovascular Responses Evoked by Leptin Acting on Neurons in the Ventromedial and Dorsomedial Hypothalamus

The results indicate that the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic regions might be important sites at which leptin activation leads to increases in sympathetic vasomotor activity and heart rate, as occurs in obesity-related hypertension.
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Contribution to sympathetic vasomotor tone of tonic glutamatergic inputs to neurons in the RVLM.

The results indicate that removal of tonic EAA drive to RVLM neurons has little effect on the tonic activity of RVLM presympathetic neurons, even when inputs from the CVLM are blocked, and the tonics of RV LM presyMPathetic neurons under these conditions is dependent on excitatory synaptic inputs mediated by non-EAA receptors and/or the autoactivity of these neurons.
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Descending vasomotor pathways from the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus: role of medullary raphe and RVLM.

Results indicate that neurons in the RP region make a modest contribution to the renal sympathoexcitatory response evoked from the DMH and also that sympathetic premotor neurons inThe RVLM receive strong excitatory inputs from DMH neurons, consistent with the view that the RVLM plays a key role in mediating sympathetic vasomotor responses arising from theDMH.
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Autoradiography of P2X ATP receptors in the rat brain

The highest density of P2x binding sites was found to be in the cerebellar cortex but the binding sites were present in all major brain regions, especially in areas known to receive strong excitatory innervation.
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Baroreceptor reflex modulation by circulating angiotensin II is mediated by AT1 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius.

The results indicate that AT1 receptors in the medial NTS play a critical role in modulation of the cardiac baroreflex by circulating ANG II via mechanisms that are at least partly independent of AT1 receptor in the area postrema.
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Angiotensin II evokes hypotension and renal sympathoinhibition from a highly restricted region in the nucleus tractus solitarii

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Blockade of AT1 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla increases sympathetic activity under hypoxic conditions.

It is suggested that the net effect of endogenous ANG II in this region depends on the balance of both tonic excitatory and inhibitory actions on presympathetic neurons and that this balance is altered in different physiological or pathophysiological conditions.
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Activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors suppresses cardiovascular responses evoked from the paraventricular nucleus.

Results indicate that activation of central 5-HT(1A) receptors located outside the PVN powerfully inhibits the tachycardia and renal sympathoexcitation evoked by stimulation of neurons in the PVn.
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