The "Tautology Problem" Surrogates for Natural Selection Evolution of Selfing Cost of Sex Immortality, Death, and the Life Cycle Kin Selection of Altruism Heterozygote Superiority Sickle Cell Anemia Darwin's Dilemmas.
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Estimating divergence times using a multigene data set with multiple fossil calibrations and using these estimates to infer the times of developmental changes relevant to the evolution of multicellularity show that Volvox diverged from unicellular ancestors at least 200 million years ago.
It is shown that evolution of reproductive effort leads to the greatest proportionate withdrawal of reproductive value from those adult age classes plagued by new mortality factors, and the commonly observed inverse relationship between reproductive value and mortality is provided with a theoretical underpinning.
It is argued that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explained the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality, but these arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature.
The hypothesis is that fitness tradeoffs drive the transition of a cell group into a multicellular individual through the evolution of cells specialized at reproductive and vegetative functions of the group.
This paper reviews the apparently diverse theoretical studies of kin selection in a common population genetic framework and discusses the implications of this theory for many of the terms and concepts used in sociobiology.
The way in which the conflicts associated with the transition in individuality have been mediated, and fitness and general life-traits have been re-organized, can influence the potential for further evolution of the newly emerged evolutionary individual.