POLLEN‐OVULE RATIOS: A CONSERVATIVE INDICATOR OF BREEDING SYSTEMS IN FLOWERING PLANTS
- R. Cruden
- Environmental ScienceEvolution; international journal of organic…
- 1 March 1977
The overall objective is to show that PIO's reflect the likelihood of sufficient pollen grains reaching each stigma to result in maximum seed set and suggest that PI O's are integrated with other facets of a plant's breeding system.
Pollen grains: Why so many?
- R. Cruden
- Environmental SciencePlant Systematics and Evolution
- 1 March 2000
Relationships among other floral traits of animalpollinated plants, including pollen size, stigma area and depth, and the pollen-bearing area of the pollinator may affect pollen number are examined to provide a model to examine how change in one trait may elicit change in other traits.
Pollinators in High-Elevation Ecosystems: Relative Effectiveness of Birds and Bees
- R. Cruden
- Environmental ScienceScience
- 30 June 1972
During the rainy season bird-flowered plants at high elevations are more effectively pollinated than closely related bee-flowered plants. With good flight conditions the effectiveness of birds and…
Patterns of biomass allocation to male and female functions in plants with different mating systems
- R. Cruden, David L. Lyon
- Environmental ScienceOecologia
- 1 May 1985
The available data from xenogamous species suggest a pattern of resource allocation that is independent of sexual system (perfect-flowered, monoecious, or dioecious) and pollen vector, which is consistent with those that predict unequal allocation of resources to those functions in outbreeding hermaphroditic angiosperms.
POLLEN‐OVULE RATIO, POLLEN SIZE, AND THE RATIO OF STIGMATIC AREA TO THE POLLEN‐BEARING AREA OF THE POLLINATOR: AN HYPOTHESIS
- R. Cruden, Sharon Miller-Ward
- Environmental ScienceEvolution; international journal of organic…
- 1 September 1981
The hypothesis that P/O's are inversely related to 1) the likelihood of a pollen grain reaching a stigma and 2) pollen grain size is tested.
Correlations Among Stigma Depth, Style Length, and Pollen Grain Size: Do They Reflect Function or Phylogeny?
- R. Cruden, David L. Lyon
- Environmental ScienceBotanical Gazette
- 1 March 1985
Positive correlations among style length, pollen grain size, and stigma depth in Polygonum suggest that correlations between style length and pollen grain volume among related species may reflect a phyletic rather than a functional relationship.
Pollination biology and breeding system of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)
- R. Cruden, A. McClain, G. P. Shrivastava
- Biology
- 1 October 1996
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara and Grande is widely naturalized in the northeastern 1/4 of the United States and adjacent Canada, where it is an aggressive invader of moist woods.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF WEEDY AND CULTIVATED MIRABILIS (NYCTAGINACEAE)
- R. Cruden
- Biology
- 1 September 1973
Differences in floral behavior and reproductive biology in Mirabilis illustrate some of the changes that occur during the evolution of either a weed or a cultivar.
TEMPORAL DIOECISM: AN ALTERNATIVE TO DIOECISM?
- R. Cruden, S. M. Hermann-Parker
- Environmental ScienceEvolution; international journal of organic…
- 1 December 1977
A breeding system is described, which is called temporal dioecism, that permits little geitonogamy regardless of the number of open flowers, even in self-compatible, protogynous species.
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN POLLEN-OVULE RATIOS AND NECTAR SECRETION-PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF ECOTYPIC ADAPTATION'
- R. Cruden
- Environmental Science
- 1976
It is suggested the pollen removal by small bees that forage on Heracleum in but not outside the woods may be the selective force that accounts for the larger percentage of male flowers of woods plants.
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