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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
TLDR
There continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes, so it is important to update guidelines for monitoring autophagic activity in different organisms.
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Sphingolipid Synthesis as a Target for Antifungal Drugs
TLDR
A gene, AUR1 (YKL004w), that complements the IPC synthase defect and restores enzyme activity and sphingolipid synthesis was isolated, showing that the drug is a potent inhibitor of I PC synthase with an IC50 of about 0.2 nM.
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Pil1p and Lsp1p Negatively Regulate the 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase-like Kinase Pkh1p and Downstream Signaling Pathways Pkc1p and Ypk1p*
TLDR
It is found that Pil1p and Lsp1p down-regulate resistance to heat stress and, specifically, that they down- Regulate the activity of the Pkc1p-MAP and Ypk1p pathways during heat stress.
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The Sphingolipid Long-chain Base-Pkh1/2-Ypk1/2 Signaling Pathway Regulates Eisosome Assembly and Turnover*
TLDR
It is found that eisosomes are dynamic structures and disassemble when the Ypk protein kinases, which are activated by the sphingolipid-Pkh signaling pathway, are inactivated or when theSphingolIPid signal is pharmacologically blocked with myriocin.
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The Sphingoid Long Chain Base Phytosphingosine Activates AGC-type Protein Kinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Including Ypk1, Ypk2, and Sch9*
TLDR
The data support a model in which PHS, rather than simply being an upstream activator of Pkh1, also activates kinases that are downstream targets of P Kh1 including Ypk1/2 and Sch9.
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The LCB4 (YOR171c) and LCB5(YLR260w) Genes of Saccharomyces Encode Sphingoid Long Chain Base Kinases*
TLDR
Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes are identified, LCB4 and LCB5, which encode LCB kinase activity, and these proteins are paralogs with 53% amino acid identity but are not related to any known protein, thus revealing a new class of lipid kinase.
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Down-Regulating Sphingolipid Synthesis Increases Yeast Lifespan
TLDR
It is shown that Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells live longer and the results suggest that pharmacological down-regulation of one or more sphingolipids may provide a means to reduce age-related diseases and increase lifespan in other eukaryotes.
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Sphingolipids Are Potential Heat Stress Signals inSaccharomyces *
TLDR
Dihydrosphingosine induces expression of aSTRE-LacZ reporter gene, showing that the global stress response element, STRE, found in many yeast promoter sequences can be activated by sphingolipid signals.
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Synthesis of Mannose-(inositol-P)2-ceramide, the Major Sphingolipid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Requires the IPT1 (YDR072c) Gene*
TLDR
It is shown that a homolog (open reading frameYDR072c), termed Ipt1 (inositolphosphotransferase1) is necessary for synthesis of mannose-(inositol-P)2-ceramide (M(IP)2C), the most abundant and complex sphingolipid in S. cerevisiae.
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A suppressor gene that enables Saccharomyces cerevisiae to grow without making sphingolipids encodes a protein that resembles an Escherichia coli fatty acyltransferase.
TLDR
SLC1 thus may be the first eucaryotic sn2-acylglyceride fatty acyltransferase gene to be cloned and postulate that the SLC1 suppressor allele encodes a variant enzyme with an altered substrate specificity that enables it to use a C26 in place of a C16/18 fatty acid precursor to acylate the sn-2 position of inositol-containing glycerolipids.
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