Low effective mating frequency in Vespa, in combination with data from other vespines, suggests that high paternity frequency is derived in the group, which is significantly biased with the majority male fathering on average 80% of the female offspring.
The genetic data on old-world boreal species of the genus Formica is reviewed and it is predicted that sex-biased dispersal may be a common trait in Formica species, although data on more species are needed to confirm this.
The persistence of some aggressive conflict throughout the foundress period suggests that this convention is not absolute, and Reproductive partitioning in early P. carolina colonies may have more to do with enhancing worker production than with conflict over direct fitness.
The data from several species of ants, bees, and wasps indicate that workers can obtain information on the genetic heterogeneity of their colonies and use that information to manipulate reproductive decisions.
In some populations relatedness among worker nestmates was high, suggesting monogyny and single mating by queens, but in single-queen laboratory nests relatednessamong the worker offspring was lower, suggesting that multiple mating was common.
The distribution of queen number in M. ruginodis indicates that the study population contains both microgyna and macrogyna types of the species, and the large proportion of colonies where the resident queen is not the mother of the workers shows that the average life span of a queen is short and colonies are serially polygynous.
The genetic diversity and differentiation of the house sparrow populations across Finland in the 1980s are studied, at the onset of the species' decline in abundance, to provide a benchmark for conservation biologists and emphasize the influence of landscape structure on gene flow.
The results indicate that gene flow between island populations across the matrix of open, brackish-water sea is extensive and suggest that the anurans are well able to disperse in this natural metapopulation system.
Lack of inbreeding, as well as a high level of variability, indirectly suggests that this population does not suffer from inbreeding depression, and the spatial distribution of genetic variation between local populations suggests intensive, but strongly male‐biased, nuclear gene flow.
The amount of gene flow and population viscosity were studied in two red ant species, Myrmica ruginodis and M. rubra, and suggest that new nests are commonly founded close to the mother nest, most probably by division of existing nests.