Retinoids (vitamin A derivatives) have dual functions in physiology. 11-cisRetinal serves as the universal chromophore of the visual pigments in the eye, and the hormonal retinoids, mainly… (More)
All-trans-retinol is the common precursor of the active retinoids 11-cis-retinal, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA). Genetic and biochemical data supports an important… (More)
Reduced sensitivity to insulin in adipose, muscle, and liver tissues is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Animal models and patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit elevated levels of circulating… (More)
Retinoic acid is generated from retinol (vitamin A) by the sequential actions of two different classes of enzymes, retinol dehydrogenases and retinal dehydrogenases. Several enzymes implicated in… (More)
Improving DNA vaccination remains a fundamental goal in vaccine research. Theoretically, this could be achieved by molecules encoded by DNA capable of activating TLRs to mimic inflammatory responses… (More)
The two isomers of retinoic acid (RA), all-trans RA and 9-cis RA, are produced in several tissues in order to allow specific control of target gene transcription. Given the high potency of these… (More)