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The Foundations of Financial Inclusion: Understanding Ownership and Use of Formal Accounts

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Reaching Out: Access to and Use of Banking Services Across Countries

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How Foreign Participation and Market Concentration Impact Bank Spreads: Evidence from Latin America

Increasing foreign participation and high concentration levels characterize the recent evolution of banking sectors' market structures in developing countries. We analyze the impact of these factors…
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Do Workers' Remittances Promote Financial Development?

Workers' remittances to developing countries have become the second largest type of flows after foreign direct investment. The authors use data on workers' remittance flows to 99 developing countries…
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Banking Services for Everyone? Barriers to Bank Access and Use Around the World

Using information from 193 banks in 58 countries, the authors develop and analyze indicators of physical access, affordability, and eligibility barriers to deposit, loan, and payment services. They…
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Bank Involvement with SMEs: Beyond Relationship Lending

The "conventional wisdom" in academic and policy circles argues that, while large and foreign banks are generally not interested in serving SMEs, small and niche banks have an advantage because they…
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Bank Financing for SMEs around the World: Drivers, Obstacles, Business Models, and Lending Practices

Using data from a survey of 91 banks in 45 countries, the authors characterize bank financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) around the world. They find that banks perceive the SME segment to…
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Remittances and Banking Sector Breadth and Depth: Evidence from Mexico

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Bank Ownership Type and Banking Relationships

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Foreign Bank Entry: Experience, Implications for Developing Countries, and Agenda for Further Research

In recent years foreign banks have expanded their presence significantly in several developing economies. In Argentina and Chile in Latin America and in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland in…
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