Estimating effective population size and migration rates from genetic samples over space and time.
- Jinliang Wang, M. Whitlock
- Environmental ScienceGenetics
- 2003
In the past, moment and likelihood methods have been developed to estimate the effective population size (N(e)) on the basis of the observed changes of marker allele frequencies over time, and these…
The incomplete natural history of mitochondria
- J. Ballard, M. Whitlock
- BiologyMolecular Ecology
- 1 April 2004
A critical examination of the neglected biology of mitochondria is carried out and several surprising gaps in the state of the authors' knowledge about this important organelle are pointed out.
Combining probability from independent tests: the weighted Z‐method is superior to Fisher's approach
- M. Whitlock
- MathematicsJournal of Evolutionary Biology
- 1 September 2005
The results in this note show that, when combining P‐values from multiple tests of the same hypothesis, the weighted Z‐method should be preferred.
Reliable Detection of Loci Responsible for Local Adaptation: Inference of a Null Model through Trimming the Distribution of FST*
- M. Whitlock, K. Lotterhos
- BiologyAmerican Naturalist
- 1 October 2015
A new method is developed that infers the distribution of FST for loci unlikely to be strongly affected by spatially diversifying selection, using data on a large set of loci with unknown selective properties, which has much lower false positive rates and comparable power.
Evolutionary inference from QST
- M. Whitlock
- BiologyMolecular Ecology
- 1 April 2008
The sources of biases and sampling error for QST are reviewed, and a new method for comparing QST and FST is suggested, which suggests that the distribution of neutral FST and QST values are little affected by various deviations from the island model.
Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST≠1/(4Nm+1)
- M. Whitlock, D. Mccauley
- BiologyHeredity
- 1 February 1999
It is rare that FST can be translated into an accurate estimate of Nm, the number of migrants successfully entering a population per generation, and the mathematical model underlying this translation makes many biologically unrealistic assumptions.
The relative power of genome scans to detect local adaptation depends on sampling design and statistical method
- K. Lotterhos, M. Whitlock
- Environmental ScienceMolecular Ecology
- 1 March 2015
This work compares FST outlier and genetic–environment association (GEA) methods for each of two approaches that control for population structure: with a covariance matrix or with latent factors and shows that while the relative power of two methods in the same category depended largely on the number of individuals sampled, overall GEA tests had higher power in the island model and FST had higherPower under isolation by distance.
Evaluation of demographic history and neutral parameterization on the performance of FST outlier tests
- K. Lotterhos, M. Whitlock
- BiologyMolecular Ecology
- 11 April 2014
It is concluded that in species that exhibit IBD or have undergone range expansion, many of the published FST outliers based on FDIST2 and BayeScan are probably false positives, but FLK and Bayenv2 show great promise for accurately identifying loci under spatially divergent selection.
Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change
- S. Aitken, M. Whitlock
- Biology, Environmental Science
- 25 November 2013
To weigh the risks of AGF against those of maladaptation due to climate change, the authors need to know the species' extent of local adaptation to climate and other environmental factors, as well as its pattern of gene flow.
The effective size of a subdivided population.
- M. Whitlock, N. Barton
- EconomicsGenetics
- 1 May 1997
The long-term effective size, Ne, is derived from the demography by combining information about the ultimate contribution of each deme to the future genetic make-up of the population and Wright's FST's, allowing for differential deme fitness, variable emigration and immigration rates, extinction, colonization, and correlations across generations in these processes.
...
...