This review concludes that relatively unstudied, ontogenetic shifts in concentrations and types of defenses occur in marine species, and patterns of larval chemical defenses appear to provide insights into the evolution of complex life cycles and of differing modes of development among marine invertebrates.Expand
It is suggested that human alteration of food webs and nutrient availability have significant effects on primary producers but that the effects vary among latitudes and primary producers, and with the inherent productivity of ecosystems.Expand
It is found that non-native plants were more susceptible to native generalist herbivores than were native plants, and this finding supports the hypothesis that evolutionary naïveté leaves plants at greater risk of attack by newly encountered generalist Herbivores.Expand
Although numerous seaweed characteristics can deter some herbivores, the effects of morphology and chemistry have been studied most thoroughly and these types of seaweeds may be considered herbivore tolerant.Expand
Although calcification of algal tissues has generally been considered a structural defense that hardens seaweed thalli and makes them more resistant to attack, the decreased feeding on CaCO3-containing foods in the authors' assays occurred without any measurable alter- ation of food toughness.Expand
It is shown that herbivore species richness can be critical for maintaining the structure and function of coral reefs, because complementary feeding by diverse herbivores produces positive, but indirect, effects on corals, the foundation species for the ecosystem.Expand
Experimental results imply that grazing am- phipods, which are ubiquitous in marine vegetation but poorly understood ecologically, may play important roles in the organization of benthic communities, particularly where predation pressure is low.Expand
The palatable plants investigated in this study gained significant protection from herbivores by associating with abundant competitors that were less susceptible to herbivory, leading to increases, not decreases, in the abundance and number of other species and to retention, not exclusion, of early-successional species.Expand
Variance in survivorship, and related measures, among sibling groups of amphipods suggested that this amphipod population possessed heritable variation for performance on the different seaweed species, and the lack of any consistent relationship between host-plant use in the field and either feeding preference or diet value, suggests that A. longimana may be strongly constrained by requirements for shelter from predation.Expand
Differences in the evolution of herbivore resistance are explainable as a result of growth rate differences and the relative amount of net growth that is consumed by herbivores in shallow versus deep habitats.Expand