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Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6.

This review focuses on the myokine IL-6, its regulation by exercise, its signaling pathways in skeletal muscle, and its role in metabolism in both health and disease.
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Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ

The finding that the muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs, such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones and brain.
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HSP72 protects against obesity-induced insulin resistance

An essential role is identified for HSP72 in blocking inflammation and preventing insulin resistance in the context of genetic obesity or high-fat feeding and protection against diet- or obesity-induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance.
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Muscle‐derived interleukin‐6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles

It appears that intramuscular IL‐6 is stimulated by complex signaling cascades initiated by both calcium (Ca2+) ‐dependent and ‐independent stimuli, and it also seems likely that skeletal muscle produces IL‐ 6 to aid in maintaining metabolic homeostasis during periods of altered metabolic demand such as muscular exercise or insulin stimulation.
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Exercise and IL‐6 infusion inhibit endotoxin‐induced TNF‐α production in humans

Physical exercise and rhIL‐6 infusion at physiological concentrations inhibit endotoxin‐induced TNF‐α production in humans and suggest that the mechanism include IL‐6, which is produced by and released from exercising muscles.
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Interleukin-6 Increases Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Disposal in Humans and Glucose Uptake and Fatty Acid Oxidation In Vitro via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

It is demonstrated that acute IL- 6 treatment enhances insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans in vivo, while the effects of IL-6 on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in vitro appear to be mediated by AMPK.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase

These data identify BDNF as a contraction-inducible protein in skeletal muscle that is capable of enhancing lipid oxidation in skeletal Muscle via activation of AMPK.
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Effects of heat stress on physiological responses and exercise performance in elite cyclists.

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The transcription factor IRF4 is essential for TCR affinity–mediated metabolic programming and clonal expansion of T cells

IRF4 is an indispensable molecular 'rheostat' that 'translates' TCR affinity into the appropriate transcriptional programs that link metabolic function with the clonal selection and effector differentiation of T cells.
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Reactive oxygen species enhance insulin sensitivity.

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