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On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean

We examine recent observations of water mass distribution and circulation schemes at different depths of the South Atlantic Ocean to propose a layered, qualitative representation of the mean…
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Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus

The slowdown in global average surface warming has recently been linked to sea surface cooling in the eastern Pacific Ocean. This work shows that strengthening trade winds caused a reduction in the…
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Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in Southern Hemisphere surface climate change

Roughly 90% of atmospheric ozone is found in the lower stratosphere in the ozone layer. Since about the 1970s, anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting gases have led to depletion of ~3–4% of the…
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Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming

Extreme El Nino events cause global disruption of weather patterns and affect ecosystems and agriculture through changes in rainfall. Model projections show that a doubling in the occurrence of such…
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Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium

The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the primary pattern of climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere1, 2, influencing latitudinal rainfall distribution and temperatures from the subtropics to…
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What causes southeast Australia's worst droughts?

Since 1995, a large region of Australia has been gripped by the most severe drought in living memory, the so‐called “Big Dry”. The ramifications for affected regions are dire, with acute water…
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Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming

The Pacific trade winds have strengthened since the late 1990s, and there has been related strengthening of the atmospheric Walker circulation. Although the impacts of these changes are becoming…
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Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Ice Response to Variations in the Southern Annular Mode

Abstract The coupled ocean–atmosphere–ice response to variations in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is examined in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Coupled Climate Model…
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Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs)

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The Age of Water and Ventilation Timescales in a Global Ocean Model

Abstract The age of water in the World Ocean is studied using a passive age tracer introduced into a global ocean model. Additional information is derived from a transient “dye” tracer that tracks…
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