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Opioid epidemic in the United States.

TLDR
The obstacles that must be surmounted are primarily inappropriate prescribing patterns, which are largely based on a lack of knowledge, perceived safety, and inaccurate belief of undertreatment of pain.
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Opioid guidelines in the management of chronic non-cancer pain.

TLDR
These guidelines evaluated the evidence for the use of opioids in the management of chronic non-cancer pain and recommendations for management and are based on the best available scientific evidence.
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An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: guidance and recommendations.

TLDR
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spinal pain are developed to help patients with or without anticoagulant therapy to discontinue or normalize INR.
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American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: Part 2--guidance.

TLDR
A robust agreement which is followed by all parties is essential in initiating and maintaining opioid therapy as such agreements reduce overuse, misuse, abuse, and diversion.
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Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain.

TLDR
These guidelines include the evaluation of evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in managing chronic spinal pain and recommendations for managing spinal pain are described here to provide recommendations for clinicians.
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Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain.

TLDR
These guidelines include the evaluation of evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic treatment recommendations for chronic spinal pain, and the accuracy of facet joint nerve blocks is strong in the diagnosis of lumbar and cervical facet joint pain, whereas, it is moderate in the Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.
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Responsible, Safe, and Effective Prescription of Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) Guidelines.

TLDR
These guidelines are intended to provide a systematic and standardized approach to this complex and difficult arena of practice, while recognizing that every clinical situation is unique.
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Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions

TLDR
This study demonstrated that in an interventional pain management setting, facet joints are clinically important spinal pain generators in a significant proportion of patients with chronic spinal pain.
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A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain.

TLDR
An updated evaluation of the effectiveness of 3 types of facet joint interventions in managing chronic spinal pain found the evidence for pain relief with radiofrequency neurotomy of cervical and lumbar medial branch nerves is moderate for short- and long-term pain relief, and indeterminate for thoracic facet neurotomy.
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Secretion of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor from brain microvascular endothelial cells

TLDR
Examination of mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to reduced oxygen availability shows that bEnd.3 cells respond to oxidative stress by increasing BDNF secretion and highlights TRP channels as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing BDNF availability from the cerebral microvasculature.
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