Estimates of Lethal Equivalents and the Cost of Inbreeding in Mammals
- K. Ralls, J. Ballou, A. Templeton
- Environmental Science, Biology
- 1 June 1988
The cost of inbreeding in natural populations of mammals are unknown despite their theoretical importance in genetic and sociobiological models and practical applications in conservation biology, and the regression of juvenile survival on the inbreeding coefficient using pedigrees of 40 captive mammalian populations belonging to 38 species is estimated.
Predicting the Probability of Outbreeding Depression
- R. Frankham, J. Ballou, C. Fenster
- Environmental ScienceConservation Biology
- 1 June 2011
An extended form of the breeders' equation was used to predict the probability of OD due to adaptive differentiation between recently isolated population fragments as a function of intensity of selection, genetic diversity, effective population sizes, and generations of isolation.
Mammals in Which Females are Larger Than Males
- K. Ralls
- Biology, Environmental ScienceThe Quarterly review of biology
- 1 June 1976
Present knowledge about the species of mammals in which females are larger than males is quite rudimentary and much more information is needed before the authors will be able to speak of the selective pressures accounting for the phenomenon with any reasonable degree of certainty.
Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).
- S. Newsome, M. Tinker, J. Estes
- Environmental ScienceEcology
- 1 April 2009
Stable isotopes can provide an efficient tool for measuring individual- and population-level dietary breadth and may be useful for studying populations where longitudinal data on individuals would otherwise be impossible to acquire.
Sexual Dimorphism in Mammals: Avian Models and Unanswered Questions
- K. Ralls
- BiologyAmerican Naturalist
- 1 September 1977
An adequate mammalian model will have to include another set of factors which oppose the evolution of polygyny by increasing the spacing or mobility of females, and explain why sexual dimorphism has evolved more frequently in large mammals than in small ones.
Elephant seal genetic variation and the use of simulation models to investigate historical population bottlenecks.
- A. R. Hoelzel, J. Halley, G. Dover
- BiologyJournal of Heredity
- 1 November 1993
DNA sequence diversity in two mtDNA regions was investigated and found low genetic variation in the northern elephant seal: there were only two control region haplotypes (sequence difference = 1%), which was consistent with an extreme founder event in the recent history of the northern species.
Implications of different species concepts for conserving biodiversity
- R. Frankham, J. Ballou, O. Ryder
- Biology, Environmental Science
- 1 September 2012
The role of top carnivores in regulating terrestrial ecosystems
- J. Terborgh, J. Estes, R. Noss
- Environmental Science
- 1999
Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline
- J. Estes, B. Hatfield, K. Ralls, J. Ames
- Environmental Science
- 2003
Elevated mortality appears to be the main reason for both sluggish growth and periods of decline in the threatened California sea otter population, and generally high proportion of deaths from infectious disease suggests this factor has contributed to the chronically sluggish growth rate.
Mammalian Scent Marking
- K. Ralls
- PsychologyScience
- 5 February 1971
Frequent, vigorous marking occurs at times when there is reason to infer that the animal is motivated to aggression, and many species mark with more than one source of scent in response to one stimulus or set of stimuli.
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