Sleep is vital to cognitive performance, productivity, health and well-being. Earlier theories of sleep presumed that it occurred at the level of the whole organism and that it was governed by… (More)
Sleep is a fundamental physiologic process with unknown functions. It is divided into 2 distinct states: non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep. After acute infection with… (More)
Rats received various doses of interleukin 1 (IL-1) (range, 0.5-25.0 ng) or pyrogen-free saline intracerebroventricularly during the rest (light) and the active (dark) cycles of the day, and… (More)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterized sleep-regulatory substance. To study receptor mechanisms for the sleep-promoting effects of TNF, sleep patterns were determined in control and TNF… (More)
Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual…
2003
The concept, that sleep regulatory substances (sleep factors) exist, stems from classical endocrinology and is supported by positive transfer experiments in which tissue fluids obtained from sleepy… (More)
Excessive sleepiness and fever are constitutional symptoms associated with systemic infection. Although fevers have been investigated for many years, sleep responses to infectious challenge have only… (More)
Exogenously administered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) elicits several symptoms of generalized infections such as fever, increased sleep, and anorexia. The aim of the present work was to… (More)
Various growth factors are involved in sleep regulation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the neurotrophin family; it and its receptors are found in normal brain. Furthermore,… (More)
We propose that sleep begins within small groups of highly interconnected neurons and is characterized by altered input --> output (i-->0) relationships for any specific neuronal group. Further,… (More)