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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
TLDR
There continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes, so it is important to update guidelines for monitoring autophagic activity in different organisms.
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Quercetin may act as a cytotoxic prooxidant after its metabolic activation to semiquinone and quinoidal product.
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Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease
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The role of DT-diaphorase in the maintenance of the reduced antioxidant form of coenzyme Q in membrane systems.
TLDR
Support is offered for the hypothesis that DT-diaphorase functions as an antioxidant in both artificial membrane and natural membrane systems by acting as a two-electron CoQ reductase that forms and maintains the antioxidant form of CoQ.
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Protective and toxic roles of dopamine in Parkinson's disease
TLDR
Dopamine oxidation to dopamine o‐quinone, aminochrome and 5,6‐indolequinone seems to play an important role in the neurodegenerative processes of Parkinson's disease as aminochrome induces mitochondria dysfunction, formation and stabilization of neurotoxic protofibrils of alpha synuclein, protein degradation dysfunction of both proteasomal and lysosomal systems and oxidative stress.
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Glutathione transferases catalyse the detoxication of oxidized metabolites (o-quinones) of catecholamines and may serve as an antioxidant system preventing degenerative cellular processes.
TLDR
Glutathione conjugation of these quinones is a detoxication reaction that prevents redox cycling, thus indicating that GSTs have a cytoprotective role involving elimination of reactive chemical species originating from the oxidative metabolism of catecholamines.
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Dopamine Oxidation and Autophagy
TLDR
The relationship between the oxidation of dopamine to aminochrome, the precursor of neuromelanin, autophagy dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons containing neuromeelan in Parkinson's disease is discussed.
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Targeting the UPR transcription factor XBP1 protects against Huntington's disease through the regulation of FoxO1 and autophagy.
TLDR
Examination of the expression of two main UPR transcription factors in full-length mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) transgenic mice provided strong evidence supporting an involvement of XBP1 in HD pathogenesis probably due to an ER stress-independent mechanism involving the control of FoxO1 and autophagy levels.
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Regioselectivity and reversibility of the glutathione conjugation of quercetin quinone methide.
TLDR
Surprisingly, additional experiments of this study reveal the adduct formation to be reversible, leading to interconversion between the two quercetin glutathione adducts and possibilities for release and further electrophilic reactions of the quercETin quinone methide at cellular sites different from those of its generation.
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Frequency of the D620N mutation in VPS35 in Parkinson disease.
TLDR
VPS35 mutations are a rare cause of PD in different populations and the clinical phenotype may be indistinguishable from idiopathic PD with the possible exception of an earlier age at onset.
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