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Evaluation of climate models

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of biogeochemical cycles…
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Temporal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N

The vigor of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is thought to be vulnerable to global warming, but its short-term temporal variability is unknown so changes inferred from sparse…
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Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI‐ESM simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5

The new Max‐Planck‐Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM) is used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) in a series of climate change experiments for either idealized CO2‐only…
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Ocean Circulation and Tropical Variability in the Coupled Model ECHAM5/MPI-OM

Abstract This paper describes the mean ocean circulation and the tropical variability simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model…
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Characteristics of the ocean simulations in the Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPIOM) the ocean component of the MPI‐Earth system model

MPI‐ESM is a new version of the global Earth system model developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. This paper describes the ocean state and circulation as well as basic aspects of…
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Continuous, Array-Based Estimates of Atlantic Ocean Heat Transport at 26.5°N

Continuous estimates of the oceanic meridional heat transport in the Atlantic are derived from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA)…
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The collective-risk social dilemma and the prevention of simulated dangerous climate change

The social window humankind has to prevent dangerous climate change is described and one possible strategy to relieve the collective-risk dilemma in high-risk situations is to convince people that failure to invest enough is very likely to cause grave financial loss to the individual.
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Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N.

Continuous measurements of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are combined using the purposefully designed transatlantic Rapid Climate Change array of moored instruments with time series of Gulf Stream transport and surface-layer Ekman transport to quantify its intra-annual variability.
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Abrupt Climate Change

Policy-makers should consider expanding research into abrupt climate change, improving monitoring systems, and taking actions designed to enhance the adaptability and resilience of ecosystems and economies.
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Climate Change 2013. The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Abstract for decision-makers

Foreword Preface Summary for policy makers Technical summary 1. Introduction 2. Observations: atmosphere and surface 3. Observations: ocean 4. Observations: cryosphere 5. Information from…
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