A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
- H. Hemmi, O. Takeuchi, S. Akira
- BiologyNature
- 7 December 2000
It is shown that cellular response to CpG DNA is mediated by a Toll-like receptor, TLR9, and vertebrate immune systems appear to have evolved a specific Toll- like receptor that distinguishes bacterial DNA from self-DNA.
Innate Antiviral Responses by Means of TLR7-Mediated Recognition of Single-Stranded RNA
- S. Diebold, T. Kaisho, H. Hemmi, S. Akira, C. Reis e Sousa
- BiologyScience
- 5 March 2004
These results identify ssRNA as a ligand for TLR7 and suggest that cells of the innate immune system sense endosomal ssRNA to detect infection by RNA viruses.
Role of Adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-Independent Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway
- Masahiro Yamamoto, Shintaro Sato, S. Akira
- BiologyScience
- 1 August 2003
It is shown that TRIF is essential for TLR3- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways facilitating mammalian antiviral host defense and complete loss of nuclear factor kappa B activation in response toTLR4 stimulation is demonstrated.
Species-Specific Recognition of Single-Stranded RNA via Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8
It is shown that guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich ssRNA oligonucleotides derived from human immunodeficiency virus–1 (HIV-1) stimulate dendritic cells and macrophages to secrete interferon-α and proinflammatory, as well as regulatory, cytokines, and these data suggest that ssRNA represents a physiological ligand for TLR7 and TLR8.
Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88–dependent signaling pathway
It is shown that the imidazoquinolines activate immune cells via the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-MyD88–dependent signaling pathway, and that neither MyD88- nor TLR7-deficient mice showed any inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, proliferation of splenocytes or maturation of dendritic cells.
TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4–mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway
- Masahiro Yamamoto, Shintaro Sato, S. Akira
- BiologyNature Immunology
- 12 October 2003
TRAM provides specificity for the MyD88-independent component of TLR4 signaling, and is identified as a fourth TIR domain–containing adaptor, TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM), and analyzed its physiological function by gene targeting.
Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4
- Masahiro Yamamoto, Shintaro Sato, S. Akira
- BiologyNature
- 21 November 2002
The results show that TIRAP has a crucial role in the MyD88-dependent signalling pathway shared by TLR2 and TLR4, and is not specific to TLR3, TLR7 or TLR9 signalling, which is in contrast to previous suggestions.
Interferon-α induction through Toll-like receptors involves a direct interaction of IRF7 with MyD88 and TRAF6
- T. Kawai, Shintaro Sato, S. Akira
- BiologyNature Immunology
- 1 October 2004
It is shown that TLR-mediated IFN-α induction requires the formation of a complex consisting of MyD88, TRAF6 and IRF7 as well as TRAF 6-dependent ubiquitination.
A Toll-like receptor–independent antiviral response induced by double-stranded B-form DNA
It is shown that intracellular administration of double-stranded B-form DNA triggered antiviral responses including production of type I interferons and chemokines independently of Toll-like receptors or the helicase RIG-I.
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