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Temporal and Spatial Evolutions of a Large Sunspot Group and Great Auroral Storms Around the Carrington Event in 1859
The Carrington event is considered to be one of the most extreme space weather events in observational history within a series of magnetic storms caused by extreme interplanetary coronal mass…
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Intensity and Impact of the New York Railroad Superstorm of May 1921
Analysis is made of low‐latitude ground‐based magnetometer data recording the magnetic superstorm of May 1921. By inference, the storm was driven by a series of interplanetary coronal mass ejections,…
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Records of sunspots and aurora candidates in the Chinese official histories of the Yuán and Míng dynasties during 1261–1644
Records of observations of sunspots and auroras in pre-telescopic historical documents provide useful information about past solar activity both in long-term trends and short-term space weather…
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The extreme space weather event in September 1909
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Records of sunspot and aurora during CE 960–1279 in the Chinese chronicle of the Sòng dynasty
Records of sunspot and aurora observations in pre-telescopic historical documents can provide useful information about solar activity in the past. This is also true for extreme space weather events,…
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Records of Auroral Candidates and Sunspots in Rikkokushi, Chronicles of Ancient Japan from Early 7th Century to 887
In this article, we present the results of the surveys on sunspots and auroral candidates in Rikkokushi, Japanese Official Histories from the early 7th century to 887 to review the solar and auroral…
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The Great Space Weather Event during 1872 February Recorded in East Asia
The study of historical great geomagnetic storms is crucial for assessing the possible risks to the technological infrastructure of a modern society, caused by extreme space–weather events. The…
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Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859
The Carrington storm (1859 September 1/2) is one of the largest magnetic storms ever observed, and it caused global auroral displays in low-latitude areas, together with a series of multiple magnetic…
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Historical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms
A significant carbon-14 enhancement has recently been found in tree rings for the year 994, suggesting an extremely strong and brief cosmic ray flux event. The origin of this particular cosmic ray…
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Possible Cause of Extremely Bright Aurora Witnessed in East Asia on 17 September 1770
Extremely bright aurora was witnessed in East Asia on 17 September 1770, according to historical documents. The aurora was described as “as bright as a night with full moon” at magnetic latitude of…
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